THE CATALOGUE ARRANGEMENT The countermarks are arranged by type. A key to the order precedes the catalogue. Within each basic type the countermarks are listed alphabetically, where possible (e.g. under "Birds' eagles follow doves and precede owls and peacocks); where it is not possible, the order is geographical as in the geographical index, which is given at the end of the catalogue. NUMBERING Each group of countermarks has been given a unique number. A group of countermarks is defined as having the same type and as having been applied by the same authority, at one place, over a short period of time. Some groups of countermarks are known from one or two coins only, which suggests that a fair number of scarce groups remain to be recorded. However, it is likely that the behaviour of the commoner groups has been defined with reasonable accuracy. The groups are here numbered serially 1-850. Sub-groups which may or may not have been applied at the same time are indicated by i), ii) etc. An asterisk before the catalogue number indicates that it is not illustrated in the plates. The correct method of inserting a supplementary group into the catalogue is by the decimal system. For example, after 200, insert 200.1, and then 200.2 etc., as has been done with the supplementary list of countermarks at the end of the catalogue. METHOD OF ENTRY Information is given in seven categories, although most entries do not have all the categories. Each category begins on a new line. 1.Catalogue number. Description of type. Shape of punch. Whether the countermark was applied on the reverse. (If it is not stated to the contrary, all were applied on the obverse. Coins with a head on both sides have been treated as having two obverses.) Total number of examples (given in the right margin). 2.The mints of the coins, or, in some cases, the series to which the coins belonged (e.g. SC series, Tiberian dupondii). When coins of more than one mint were countermarked, the mints have been allocated letters: @a), @b), @c) etc. The appropriate letter is used to denote the mint of the coin concerned in the other categories of information. The total of the coins from each mint is given in brackets after it. If the mint of the coin is uncertain, it is indicated by a question mark. If the place of application of the countermark is known to be different from the mint of the coins, the former is given in brackets. CATALOGUE101 3.The dates of the countermarked coins are broken down according to mints, which are lettered as in category 2. The total for each emperor is given in brackets after his name. The dates are given in reverse order (the latest is listed first). Where the coin does not have an imperial portrait it is described as "civic' and a date may be added, if known. 4.This category is preceded by Cmk: or Cmks:. It gives the catalogue numbers of the other countermarks which are found on the same coins, followed by the total (in brackets) of the number of examples on which the pairing occurs. For example, under cmk 6 the entry reads "Cmk: 195 (3)'. This means that three coins have both cmk 6 and cmk 195. Where possible, the priority of the countermarks is given: "over' or "under' indicate that countermarks actually overlap; "before' or "after' indicate that the order of the countermarks is clear (e.g. the application of the later countermark has damaged the earlier countermark), but that they do not actually overlap. 5.The location of the coins, lettered according to mints as in category 2. Since it was clearly impossible to give the whereabouts of nearly ten thousand coins, the amount of information in this category varies. The information for the denominational countermarks and legionary countermarks is usually given in full. For all countermarks, at least one example is cited for each mint represented among the countermarked coins. A reference is always made to the latest coin countermarked (which gives the terminus post quem for the application of the countermark). When provenances are available they are usually cited. Information about the location of coins not listed in the catalogue is available as an archive through The Heberden Coin Room, Oxford. 6.Weights and sizes (of flans) are given for all groups of coins with denominational countermarks in the form: Range, mean, corrected standard deviation (st. dev.), and the number of examples used in the calculations. 7.Commentary. When information used in the discussion can be found in Head, Historia Numorum, 1911, no reference has been given. SOURCES An attempt has been made to use all material published up to 1983 with the exception of sale catalogues, of which only those containing a good number of Greek Imperial coins have been consulted. The coverage of publications in some languages (e.g. Russian and Hebrew) is incomplete. A list of the abbreviations of publications is to be found after the catalogue. The countermarked coins from the following collections have been included. The location of the coins is denoted in the catalogue by the abbreviations given below. 102CATALOGUE /Abbreviation//Collection /ANS//American Numismatic Society (New York)/B.//Berlin (Staatliche Museen, DDR)/Bern, Bern (R) //Bern (Historisches Museum), and the Righetti colln. now in Bern/BM //British Museum/Cambridge//Cambridge (Fitzwilliam Museum)/Glasgow //Glasgow (Hunterian Museum)/M., M.L. //Munich (Staatliche Mu%4nzsammlung), and Munich Leihgabe (both excluding European mints)/Oxford //Oxford (Heberden Coin Room)/P., P.M. //Paris (Bibliothe%2que Nationale, excluding the de Luynes colln.), and Mowat colln. in Paris/Princeton //Princeton University/V.//Vienna (Kunsthistorisches Museum) The legionary countermarks and some other countermarks of particular interest in the Kadman Numismatic Museum in Tel Aviv (Kadman NM), in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, and in the collection of coins and casts in Winterthur have also been included. The accession number of the coin is given after the abbreviation for the collection, from which it is separated by a full stop (e.g. B.Lo%4bbecke 1906 = Berlin, ex Lo%4bbecke colln., acquired in 1906). The total number of countermarks listed is between nine and ten thousand. Countermarks of which the types are not visible were recorded during research, but, unless they help to elucidate any particular point, they have been excluded from the catalogue. KEY TO THE TYPES OF THE COUNTERMARKS Male heads Heads of gods 1-24 Eastern potentates 25-27 Male heads with inscriptions naming cities 28-36 Heads with inscriptions naming an emperor 37-43 Male heads with uncertain inscriptions 44-48 Two imperial busts 49-50 Radiate imperial heads 51-52 Male heads facing r.: circular, oval, and shaped punches53-131 Male heads facing r .: rectangular punches 132-144 Male heads facing l.: circular and oval punches 145-158 Male heads facing l .: rectangular punches 159-160 CATALOGUE103 Uncertain heads Heads with inscriptions 161-162 Heads facing r.: circular, oval, and shaped punches 163-172 Heads facing r .: rectangular punches 173-175 Heads facing r.: punches of uncertain shape 176-177 Heads facing l.: circular punches 178 Heads facing l .: rectangular punches 179 Female heads Heads of goddesses 180-209 Female heads with inscriptions naming cities 210-215 Female heads facing r. (empresses) 216-223 Female heads facing l. 224 Figures Two standing figures 225-226 Figures of gods and goddesses 227-272 Uncertain figures 273-283 Horsemen 284-285 Architectural types 286-289 Animate Animals 290-318 Birds 319-352 Snakes 353 Scorpions 354 Crabs 355 Dolphins 356-358 Shells 359-360 Bees 361-366 Inanimate objects 367-482 Uncertain objects (in geographical order) 483-509 Letters Two or more Greek letters 510-574 Two or more Latin letters 575-603 Greek monograms 604-644 Latin monograms 645-659 Single letters: Greek and Latin 660-693 Semitic letters (Aramaic, Syriac, and neo-Punic) 694-698 Uncertain letters 699-724 Legionary 725-741 Denominational marks 742-837 Countermarks on silver coins 838-850 Supplementary countermarksat end