### Types of subordinate clauses

- Adverbial clauses (`CP-ADV`)
  - Ordinary `CP-ADV` clauses (see Clausal complements of P)
  - Adverbial AS clauses
  - Bare `CP-ADV` clauses
- THAT clauses (`CP-THT`)
  - THAT clause complements
  - Extraposed THAT clauses
  - Appositive THAT clauses
- Degree complements (`CP-DEG`)
  - THE RIVER FROZE, IT WAS SO COLD (see Bare reason adjuncts)
  - Extraposed degree complements
  - ALL THAT ... degree clauses
  - Degree infinitives
- Comparative clauses (`CP-CMP`)
  - SUCH comparatives
  - Comparatives with empty expletive subjects
  - Correlative comparatives
  - Elision in comparative clauses
  - Comparative subdeletion
  - THE ... MORE comparatives
  - Implied comparatives
- Questions (`CP-QUE`)
  - Indirect questions
  - Direct questions
- Exclamatives (`CP-EXL`)
- Ordinary relative clauses (`CP-REL`)
  - AS relatives
  - Extraposed relative clauses
  - SE +TE relatives
  - THERE relatives
  - Infinitival relative clauses (see Infinitival clauses)
- Reduced relative clauses (`RRC`)
- Clause-adjoined relatives (`CP-CAR`)
- Free relatives (`CP-FRL`)
  - Wh- free relatives
  - Non-wh free relatives
  - Infinitival free relatives (see Infinitival clauses)
- IT clefts (`CP-CLF`)
- Infinitival clauses (`IP-INF`)
  - Infinitival complements
  - Infinitival subjects (`IP-INF-SBJ`)
  - Wh- infinitives
  - TOUGH movement complements (`CP-TMC`)
  - Degree infinitives (`CP-DEG, IP-INF-DEG`)
  - Purpose infinitives (`CP-EOP, IP-INF-PRP`)
  - Infinitival adjuncts (`IP-INF-ADT`)
  - Absolute infinitive clauses (see Absolute clauses)
- Small clauses (`IP-SMC`)
- Participial clauses (`IP-PPL`)
  - Participial clauses without subjects
  - Participial clauses with subjects
  - Absolute participial clauses (see Absolute clauses)
- Absolute clauses (`IP-ABS, IP-INF-ABS, IP-PPL-ABS`)
  - Absolute clauses with active participles
  - Absolute clauses with other predicates
  - "Absolute" clauses as complements of P
  - Absolute infinitives
  - Infinitive for finite clause

All subordinate clauses that are headed by a complementizer are labelled `CP`. In addition, there are four types of subordinate clauses whose primary label is `IP` (infinitives, small clauses, adjunct participials, and absolutes). All subordinate clauses, both `CP` and `IP`, have a dash tag indicating their type. Finally, there are reduced relative clauses, which are labelled `RRC`.

#### Adverbial clauses (`CP-ADV`)

- Ordinary `CP-ADV` clauses (see Clausal complements of P)
  - BECAUSE, BY CAUSE THAT
- Adverbial AS clauses
  - Adverbial AS clauses with a gap
    - AS ... SO clauses (see Comparatives)
    - AS X SAID, etc.
  - Adverbial AS clauses without a gap
- Bare `CP-ADV` clauses
  - Bare `CP-ADV` clauses headed by THAT
  - V1 conditionals
  - Adverbial V1 questions
  - ALL/HOW/SO BE IT (THAT) clauses (treated differently in the PPCME2 and the modern English corpora)

Adverbial clauses are either introduced by a subordinating conjunction or not. In the first case, the subordinating conjunction is tagged as `P` and the remainder of the subordinate clause is treated as the `CP-ADV` complement of `P`. Such clauses are illustrated under Clausal complements of P. Adverbial AS clauses belong to this type, but are discussed here in order to facilitate the comparison between them and other types of AS clauses. Adverbial AS clauses aside, we focus here on instances of bare `CP-ADV` (that is, adverbial clauses that are not complements of `P`).

| Whether the subordinate clause contains a subordinating conjunction or not, it is the `CP` that is labelled `ADV`, even though in subordinate clauses that are introduced by a subordinating conjunction, it is the `PP` as a whole, rather than the `CP-ADV` on its own, that functions adverbially.

#### Adverbial AS clauses

| Correlatives of the type AS ... , SO ... are treated as comparatives (see AS ... SO CLAUSES). See also AS free relatives.

Adverbial AS clauses fall into two main types: ones that contain a gap, and ones that do not.

#### Adverbial AS clauses with a gap

Adverbial AS clauses with a gap in turn fall into two types, depending on whether AS can be paraphrased (roughly) as IN THE SAME WAY THAT or as WHICH. In the first type, which often contains a specifier (JUST, LIKE, RIGHT, SO, etc.), the `CP-ADV` complement of AS contains an adverbial empty operator.

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                  (VBP wylle)
                  (ADVP (ADV wel))
                  (, ,)
                  (' ')
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
                              (NP-SBJ (D the) (N kynge)))
                  (, ,)
                  (' ')
                  (PP (P as)
                      (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO thow))
                                      (MD wilt)
                                      (HV have)
                                      (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,4.76))

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Soo))
              (NP-SBJ (D this))
              (BED was)
              (DAN done)
              (PP (P as)
                  (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                                  (VBD devysed))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,4.87))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (PP (P whan)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR syre) (NPR Ector))
                                  (BED was)
                                  (VBN come))))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VBD made)
              (NP-OB1 (N fyaunce))
              (PP (P to)
                  (NP (D the) (N kyng)))
              (IP-INF (FOR for) (TO to)
                      (VB nourisshe)
                      (NP-OB1 (D the) (N child))
                      (PP (ADV lyke)
                          (P as)
                          (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                          (NP-SBJ (D the) (N kynge))
                                          (VBD desyred)))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,6.147))

In the second type of adverbial AS clause with a gap, the PP dominates a `CP-ADV` with a nominal gap. This type includes AS continuative clauses, which might be treated as clause-adjoined relatives (`CP-CAR`), but are not so treated in our system.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
              (VBP serveth)
              (PP (P of)
                  (NP (Q many) (D a) (ADJ necessarie) (N conclusioun)
                      (PP (P in)
                          (NP (NS equacions)
                              (PP (P of)
                                  (NP (NS thinges)))))))
              (PP (P as)
                  (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                  (MD shal)
                                  (BE be)
                                  (VAN shewid))))
              (E_S .))
    (ID CMASTRO,669.C2.176))

    ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q ani) (ADJ vnweote))
              (VBP aski+d)
              (NP-OB2 (PRO ou))
              (CP-QUE (WPP-1 (P of)
                             (WNP (WD wat) (N ordre)))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
                              (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
                              (BEP beo+d)))
              (, ,)
              (PP (P ase)
                  (CP-ADV (WNP-2 0)
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
                                  (NP-SBJ (Q summe)
                                          (CP-REL *ICH*-3))
                                  (DOP do+d)
                                  (, ,)
                                  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
                                              (VBP telle+d)
                                              (NP-OB1 (PRO me)))
                                  (, ,)
                                  (CP-REL-3 (WNP-4 0)
                                            (C +te)
                                            (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-4)
                                                            (VBP si+ge+d)
                                                            (NP-OB1 (D +te) (N gnete)))
                                                    (CONJP (CONJ ant)
                                                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-4)
                                                                   (VBP swole+ge+d)
                                                                   (NP-OB1 (D +te) (N fle+ge))))))))))
      (ID CMANCRIW,I.46.67))

In clauses of the type AS X SAID, AS X WROTE, AS YOU KNOW (WELL), etc., the PP is labelled as parenthetical (`PP-PRN`). If the clause after AS is a quote, then the entire `CP-ADV` is also labelled as direct speech (`-SPE`).

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N feblenesse)
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (N age))))
                  (VBP denye)
                  (NP-OB1 (N power)
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (N dede))))
                  (, ,)
                  (PP-PRN (P as)
                          (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                          (NP-SBJ (PRO +tey))
                                          (VBP seyn)))))
          (ID CMAELR3,30.121))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (EX ther))
                  (BEP is)
                  (NP-1 (Q no) (N wight)
                        (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
                                (C that)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
                                        (HVP hath)
                                        (NP-OB1 (ADJ sovereyn) (N bountee))))
                        (PP (P save)
                            (NP (NPR God) (FP allone))))
                  (, ,)
                  (PP-PRN (P as)
                          (CP-ADV (WNP-3 0)
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-3)
                                          (NP-SBJ (PRO he)
                                                  (NP-PRN (PRO+N hymself)))
                                          (VBP recordeth)
                                          (PP (P in)
                                              (NP (PRO$ hys) (N Evaungelie)))))))
          (ID CMCTMELI,220.C2.139))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ For)
                  (NP-SBJ (D thes) (NUM eleven) (NS kyngis))
                  (MD shall)
                  (VB dye)
                  (PP (Q all)
                      (P in)
                      (NP (ONE one) (N day)))
                  (PP (P by)
                      (NP (D the) (ADJ grete) (N myght)
                          (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                 (NX (N prouesse)))
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (NS armys)))
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (NUM two) (ADJ valyaunte) (NS knyghtes)))))
                  (, ,)
                  (' ')
                  (, DASH)
                  (PP-PRN (P as)
                          (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                          (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
                                          (VBP tellith)
                                          (ADVP-TMP (ADV aftir)))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,31.996))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
                  (NP-TMP (D the) (ADJ same) (N nyght))
                  (, ,)
                  (PP-PRN (P as)
                          (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                          (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                                          (MD shal)
                                          (VB ansuer)
                                          (PP (P unto)
                                              (NP (NPR God))))))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-SBJ (D this) (N child))
                  (BED was)
                  (VAN begoten)
                  (PP (P upon)
                      (NP (PRO me)))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,5.129))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D An) (N hemme))
              (, ,)
              (PP-PRN (P as)
                      (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
                                      (VBP wost)
                                      (ADVP (ADV wel)))))
              (, ,)
              (BEP is)
              (NP-OB1 (D +te) (ADJ laste) (N ende)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (D a) (N clo+t))))
              (E_S ;))
      (ID CMAELR3,34.225))

#### Adverbial AS clauses without a gap

In this type of AS clause, AS can be paraphrased as WHEN, WHILE, SINCE, AS IF, etc., and is treated as a subordinating conjunction (that is, as `P` in our system).

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV So))
              (PP (P as)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                                  (VBD rode)
                                  (PP (P to)
                                      (NP (D the) (NS justes) (WARD ward))))))
              (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Kay))
              (HVD had)
              (VBN lost)
              (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N suerd))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,8.214))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (PP (P as)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
                                  (VBD loked)
                                  (PP (P besyde)
                                      (NP (PRO hym))))))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VBD sawe)
              (NP-OB1 (D a) (N knyght)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C that)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                      (BED was)
                                      (ADVP (ADV passyngely) (ADV well))
                                      (VAN horsed))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,26.818))

#### Bare `CP-ADV` clauses

#### Bare `CP-ADV` clauses headed by THAT

Bare `CP-ADV` clauses headed by THAT usually express purpose or result (often with the verbs SEND and WARN).

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot))
              (VBD smote)
              (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
              (RP downe)
              (, ,)
              (CP-ADV (C that)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                              (VBD lay)
                              (PP (P in)
                                  (NP (D a) (N sowghe)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,199.3125))

    ( (IP-IMP-SPE (CONJ and)
                  (VBI hange)
                  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N swerde))
                  (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
                  (PP (P uppon)
                      (NP (D a) (N bowghe)))
                  (CP-ADV (C that)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                                  (MD may)
                                  (VB gete)
                                  (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))))
                  (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,206.3377))

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV So))
              (NP-SBJ (D the) (N Archebisshop))
              (PP (P by)
                  (NP (D the) (N advys)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (NPR Merlyn)))))
              (VBD send)
              (PP (P for)
                  (NP (Q alle) (D the) (NS lordes)
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (NX (NS gentilmen)
                                 (PP (P of)
                                     (NP (NS armes)))))))
              (CP-ADV (C that)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                              (MD shold)
                              (VB come)
                              (PP (P by)
                                  (NP (NPR Crystmasse)))
                              (PP (FP even)
                                  (P unto)
                                  (NP (NPR London)))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,7.188))

    (NODE (IP-INF (TO to)
                  (VB sende)
                  (NP-OB1 (NS messangeris))
                  (PP (P into)
                      (NP (Q al) (NPR Israel)
                          (, ,)
                          (PP (P fro)
                              (NP (NPR Bersabee)))
                          (PP (P (P21 til) (P22 to))
                              (NP (NPR Dan)))))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-ADV (C that)
                          (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO thei))
                                            (MD schulden)
                                            (VB come))
                                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                         (IP-SUB=1 (VB make)
                                                   (NP-OB1 (N pask))
                                                   (PP (P to)
                                                       (NP (D the) (NPR Lord) (NPR God)
                                                           (PP (P of)
                                                               (NP (NPR Israel)))))
                                                   (PP (P in)
                                                       (NP (NPR Jerusalem))))))))
          (ID CMPURVEY,I,26.1315))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
                  (BEP bie)
                  (VAN +gewarned)
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-ADV (C +dat)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
                                  (NEG ne)
                                  (VBP fol+ghi)
                                  (NP-OB1 (Q none) (N+NS dwelmenn)
                                          (, ,)
                                          (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                                  (C +de)
                                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                                          (NP-MSR (Q muchel))
                                                          (VBP misleue+d)))))))
          (ID CMVICES1,27.306))

#### V1 conditionals

See Verb fronting to C for the representation of subject-verb inversion in our annotation scheme.

V1 conditionals includes V1 counterparts of adverbial WHETHER questions.

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
                  (MD mi+gtest)
                  (HV haue)
                  (VBN falle)
                  (PP (P in)
                      (NP (D +te) (ADJ same)))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-ADV (IP-SUB (NEG+HVD nadde)
                                  (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N mercy)
                                          (PP (P of)
                                              (NP (NPR Crist))))
                                  (VBN ikepte))))
          (ID CMAELR3,53.858))

    ( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-1 (CONJ and)
                        (NP-SBJ *con*)
                        (HVD had)
                        (VBN slayne)
                        (NP-OB1 (PRO hym)))
              (CONJP (CONJ or)
                     (IP-MAT=1 (VBN takyn)
                               (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))))
              (, ,)
              (CP-ADV (IP-SUB (HVD had)
                              (NEG nat)
                              (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ good) (N knyght)
                                      (NP-PRN (NPR $sir) (NPR Galahad))
                                      (PP (P with)
                                          (NP (D the) (ADJ rede) (NS armys))))
                              (VBN com)
                              (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
                              (PP (P by)
                                  (NP (N adventure)))
                              (PP (P into)
                                  (NP (D tho) (NS partys)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,661.4665))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NEG Ne)
                  (MD mai)
                  (NP-SBJ (Q nan) (ADJ muche) (N $speche)
                          (CODE {TEXT:spelche}))
                  (BE beon)
                  (PP (P (P21 wi+d) (P22 uten))
                      (NP (N sunne)))
                  (CP-ADV (IP-SUB (NEG ne)
                                  (VBP ginne)
                                  (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
                                  (ADVP (ADV neauer) (ADVR swa) (ADV wel))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.61.626))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CP-ADV (IP-SUB (VBP wite)
                                  (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
                                  (ADVP (ADV wel))
                                  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ mi) (N tunge))))
                  (, .)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
                  (MD mai)
                  (ADVP (ADV wel))
                  (VB halden)
                  (NP-OB1 (D +te) (N wei)
                          (PP (P toward)
                              (NP (NPR heouene))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.63.661))

#### THAT clauses (`CP-THT`)

- THAT clause complements
  - THAT clause complements of verbs
  - THAT clause complements of adjectives
  - THAT clause complements of nouns
    - TO THE END/INTENT THAT
- Extraposed THAT clauses
  - Extraposed THAT clause complements
    - Extraposed object THAT clauses
  - Extraposed subject THAT clauses
- Appositive THAT clauses

#### THAT clause complements

#### THAT clause complements of verbs

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                  (VBP suppose)
                  (CP-THT (C that)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                  (BEP ar)
                                  (VAN displesyd)
                                  (CP-THT (C that)
                                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                                                  (HVP have)
                                                  (VBN shewed)
                                                  (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
                                                  (NP-OB1 (N unkyndnesse))))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,48.1574))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ But)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                  (VBP pray)
                  (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-VOC (ADJ fayre) (N knyght))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-THT (C that)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                  (VBP tarry)
                                  (NEG nat)
                                  (NP-MSR (ADJ longe))
                                  (PP (P frome)
                                      (NP (PRO me)))))
                  (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,48.1583))

#### THAT clause complements of adjectives

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D a) (N man))
                  (MD mot)
                  (BE be)
                  (ADJP (ADJ war)
                        (CP-THT (C +tat)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                        (VBP take)
                                        (NEG not)
                                        (NP-OB1 (QP (ADVR to) (Q litel))
                                                (N hede))
                                        (PP (P of)
                                            (NP (PRO$ his) (N body)))))))
          (ID CMAELR3,31.148))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
                  (ADVP (ADV Truly))
                  (, ,)
                  (' ')
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
                              (NP-SBJ (NPR Balyne)))
                  (, ,)
                  (' ')
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                  (BEP am)
                  (ADJP (ADV ryght) (ADJ hevy)
                        (CP-THT (C that)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N lorde)
                                                (NP-PRN (NPR Arthure)))
                                        (BEP ys)
                                        (VAN displeased)
                                        (PP (P with)
                                            (NP (PRO me))))))
                  (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,52.1746))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
                  (PP (P+N bycause)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (PRO$ his) (N armoure)
                              (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                     (NX (N shylde))))))
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                  (BEP am)
                  (ADJP (ADJ sure)
                        (CP-THT (C 0)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                                        (MD shall)
                                        (VB ryde)
                                        (PP (P in)
                                            (NP (N pease))))))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,198.3079))

#### THAT clause complements of nouns

| TO THE END/INTENT THAT clauses are treated as `CP-THT` rather than `CP-ADV`.

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
                  (BED was)
                  (NP-OB1 (N causer)
                          (CP-THT (C that)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N modir))
                                          (BED was)
                                          (VAN brente))))
                  (PP (P thorow)
                      (NP (PRO$ hir) (N falsehode)
                          (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                 (NX (N trechory)))))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
     (ID CMMALORY,49.1625))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (PP (P by)
                  (NP (N cause)			<-- BECAUSE
                      (CP-THT (C that)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
                                      (BED was)
                                      (PP (P beforn)
                                          (NP (ADJ+N mydday)))))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
              (VBD turned)
              (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N riet)))
      (ID CMASTRO,670.C1.230))

#### Extraposed THAT clauses

#### Extraposed THAT clause complements

THAT clauses that are extraposed from `ADJP` or `NP` are coindexed with an `*ICH*` trace.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV than))
              (BED was)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (ADJP (ADJ ware)
                    (CP-THT *ICH*-1))
              (PP (P by)
                  (NP (PRO$ hys) (NS armys)))
              (CP-THT-1 (C that)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 (EX there))
                                (VBD com)
                                (IP-PPL (VAG rydyng))
                                (NP-2 (PRO$ hys) (N brothir)
                                      (NP-PRN (NPR Balan)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,52.1732))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (D Thys))
                  (BED was)
                  (NP-OB1 (D the) (N cause)
                          (CP-THT *ICH*-1))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-VOC (N damesell))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-THT-1 (C that)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                    (VBD com)
                                    (PP (P into)
                                        (NP (D thys) (N courte)))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,50.1673))

THAT clauses associated with an expletive object IT are coindexed with the pronoun, as in the case of extraposed subject THAT clauses. But THAT clauses associated with demonstrative pronouns or other NPs are treated as appositives on the demonstrative phrase.

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
    	  (VBP take)
    	  (NP-OB1=1 (PRO it))
    	  (CP-THT-1 (C 0)
    		    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D a) (N man))
    			    (BEP is)
    			    (IP-INF (TO to)
    				    (VB seek)
    				    (NP-OB1 (N remedy)
    					    (PP (P against)
    						(NP (NS euils)))))))
    	  (. ,))
      (ID GIFFORD,E3V.437))

    ( (IP-MAT (META (NP (CODE <font>) (NPR Phil.) (CODE <$$font>)))
    	  (PP (P By)
    	      (NP (D that)
    		  (Q little)
    		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO which))
    			  (C 0)
    			  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
    				  (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
    				  (HVP have)
    				  (VBN mentioned)))))
    	  (, ,)
    	  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
    	  (VBP take)
    	  (NP-OB1=2 (PRO it))
    	  (CP-THT-2 (C that)
    		    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
    			    (HVP have)
    			    (VBN seene)
    			    (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADV very) (ADJ same))))
    	  (. :))
      (ID BRINSLEY,6.67))

    ( (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ *pro*)
    		      (VBP Pray))
    	  (VBI send)
    	  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (ADJ bay) (N gelding))
    	  (PP (RP downe)
    	      (P into)
    	      (NP (D the) (N Marsh)))
    	  (PP (P to)
    	      (NP (ADJ+N goodman)
    		  (NPR Collier)
    		  (, ,)
    		  (PP (P as)
    		      (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
    			      (C 0)
    			      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
    				      (VBP take)
    				      (NP-OB1=3 (PRO it))
    				      (CP-THT-3 (C 0)
    						(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
    							(NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N name))
    							(BEP is))))))
    		  (, ,)
    		  (CP-REL (WNP-2 (WPRO who))
    			  (C 0)
    			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
    				  (VBP uses)
    				  (IP-INF (TO to)
    					  (VB keepe)
    					  (NP-OB1 (NS horses))
    					  (PP (P for)
    					      (NP (PRO mee))))))))
    	  (. ;))
      (ID HOXINDEN-1640,138.149))

#### Extraposed subject THAT clauses

THAT clauses "extraposed" from subject position are coindexed with the expletive subject, whether overt or empty. Clauses of the type IT SEEMS THAT (where "extraposition" is obligatory) are treated the same way.

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
                  (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
                  (BEP ys)
                  (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N pite`))
                  (CP-THT-1 (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                    (MD shall)
                                    (NEG nat)
                                    (VB endure)
                                    (NP-MSR (FP but) (D a) (N whyle))))
                  (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,51.1680))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
              (PP (P as)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                  (VBD paste)
                                  (PP (P beyonde)
                                      (NP (D the) (N castell))))))
              (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
              (VBD thought)
              (CP-THT-1 (C 0)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                (VBD herde)
                                (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (NS bellys))
                                        (VB rynge))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,205.3340))

#### Appositive THAT clauses

THAT clauses are often in apposition to a demonstrative or other NP. In this case, the NP is labelled as the argument of the verb and the THAT clause is labelled as an appositive/parenthetical.

    ( (IP-IMP (VBI Take)
              (NP-OB1 (N heed))
              (PP (P of)
                  (NP (ONE oo) (N thynge)
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-THT-PRN (C that)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
                                          (VBP slepe)
                                          (NEG not)
                                          (PP (P whan)
                                              (CP-ADV (C 0)
                                                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
                                                              (MD shuldest)
                                                              (VB wake))))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMAELR4,6.167))

If the THAT clause is extraposed, as is often the case, a coindexed `*ICH*` trace indicates the relationship between the clause and the position where it is interpreted.

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (D that)
                          (CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1))
                  (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
                  (VBP forthynkith)
                  (CP-THT-PRN-1 (C that)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                                        (HVP have)
                                        (VBN greved)
                                        (NP-OB1 (NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
                                                (CONJP (CONJ or)
                                                       (NP (Q ony)
                                                           (PP (P of)
                                                               (NP (PRO$ hys) (N courte))))))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,51.1698))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Crist))
              (NP-OB1 (PRO hit)
                      (CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1))
              (VBP wat)
              (CP-THT-PRN-1 (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO $ha)
                                            (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
                                    (BEP $beo+d)
                                    (CODE {TEXT:hebeo+d})
                                    (ADJP (ADJP (ADVR to) (ADJ woake))
                                          (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                                 (ADJP (ADVR to) (ADJ (ADJ21 unwreste) (ADJ22 iheorted)))))
                                    (CP-REL-2 (WNP-3 0)
                                              (C +te)
                                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
                                                      (PP (P wi+d)
                                                          (NP (ADJ +tullich) (N gest)))
                                                      (ADVP (ADV hardeliche))
                                                      (NEG ne)
                                                      (VBP fechte+d)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.196.2809))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
                  (NP-SBJ (D This)
                          (CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1))
                  (BEP is)
                  (NP-OB1 (D an) (ADJ harde) (N ease))
                  (, ,)
                  (' ')
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
                              (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot)))
                  (, ,)
                  (' ')
                  (CP-THT-PRN-1 (C that)
                                (IP-SUB (CONJ other)
                                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                                                (MD muste)
                                                (VB dye))
                                        (CONJP (CONJ other)
                                               (IP-INF (TO to)
                                                       (VB chose)
                                                       (NP-OB1 (ONE one)
                                                               (PP (P of)
                                                                   (NP (PRO you))))))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,184.2552))

#### Degree complements (`CP-DEG`)

| The treatment of the obligatorily extraposed degree complements of SUCH, which do not contain a gap, differs from that of SUCH comparative clauses, which do.

- THE RIVER FROZE, IT WAS SO COLD (see Bare reason adjuncts)
- Extraposed degree complements
- ALL THAT ... degree clauses
- Degree infinitives (`CP-DEG, IP-INF-DEG`)
  - Degree infinitives with a gap
  - Degree infinitives without a gap (see `IP-INF-DEG`)

Degree complement clauses differ from comparatives in not containing a gap. They are treated as sisters of the head that licenses them (SO, see below for SUCH).

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBD smote)
              (NP-OB1 (NPR sir) (NPR Sagramoure))
              (ADVP (ADVR so) (ADV sore)
                    (CP-DEG (C that)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N horse) (CONJ and) (N man))
                                    (VBD wente)
                                    (Q bothe)
                                    (PP (P to)
                                        (NP (D the) (N erthe))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,200.3170))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
                  (PP (P yf)
                      (CP-ADV (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N lorde)
                                              (NP-PRN (PRO$ my) (N husbande)))
                                      (VBP wete)
                                      (NP-OB1 (PRO hit)))))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                  (BEP is)
                  (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ hasty)
                        (CP-DEG (C that)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                        (MD wyll)
                                        (VB sle)
                                        (NP-OB1 (PRO me)))))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,205.3353))

Degree clauses are generally introduced by overt THAT but occasionally by AS or a silent complementizer.

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
                  (PP (P if)
                      (CP-ADV (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                      (MD woll)
                                      (VB abyde)
                                      (PP (P in)
                                          (NP (D thys) (N courte)))
                                      (PP (P amonge)
                                          (NP (PRO$ my) (N felyship))))))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                  (MD shall)
                  (ADVP (ADVR so)
                        (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
                  (VB avaunce)
                  (NP-OB1 (PRO $you))
                  (CP-DEG-1 (C as)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                    (MD shall)
                                    (BE be)
                                    (VAN pleased)))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,48.1578))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
              (VBD helde)
              (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
              (ADVP (ADVR so) (ADV faste)
                    (CP-DEG (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                    (MD myght)
                                    (NEG nat)
                                    (VB take)
                                    (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
                                    (PP (RP oute) (P of)
                                        (NP (PRO$ hir) (N honde)))
                                    (PP (P but)
                                        (PP (P yf)
                                            (CP-ADV (C 0)
                                                    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                                            (MD sholde)
                                                            (HV have)
                                                            (VBN hurte)
                                                            (NP-OB1 (PRO hir)))))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,52.1723))

#### Extraposed degree complements

Separated SO ... THAT clauses are always treated as extraposed degree complements (rather than as adverbial result or purpose clauses).

The traces of extraposed degree complements are treated in the same way as the degree complements themselves---namely, as sisters of the head they are associated with. In connection with SUCH, a phrasal constituent (`ADJP`) is added around SUCH and the trace of its obligatorily extraposed degree complement (unlike in the case of SUCH comparative clauses).

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VBD gaff)
              (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
              (NP-OB1 (ADJP (SUCH suche)		<-- note ADJP
                            (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
                      (D a) (N falle)
                      (CP-DEG-1 (C that)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N horse))
                                        (VBD felle)
                                        (PP (RP downe)
                                            (P to)
                                            (NP (D the) (N erthe))))))
              (E_S .))
              (ID CMMALORY,23.719))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot))
              (VBD charged)
              (ADVP (ADVR so) (ADV sore)
                    (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
              (PP (P uppon)
                  (NP (PRO hym)))
              (CP-DEG-1 (C that)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N horse))
                                (VBD reversed)
                                (ADVP (ADV up-so-downe))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,201.3194))

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
              (NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
              (DOD dud)
              (ADVP (ADVR so) (ADV mervaylesly)
                    (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
              (PP (P in)
                  (NP (NS armys)))
              (CP-DEG-1 (C that)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q all) (NS men))
                                (HVD had)
                                (NP-OB1 (N wondir))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,22.691))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO$ oure) (NS synnes))
                  (BED were)
                  (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ grete)
                        (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
                  (PP (P at)
                      (NP (D that) (N tyme)))
                  (CP-DEG-1 (C that)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (QP (ADV+ADV well-nyghe) (Q all)))
                                    (BED was)
                                    (NP-OB1 (N wyckednesse))))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,643.4044))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (N Wra+d+de))
              (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                          (VBP sei+d))
              (PP (P hwil)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
                                  (VBP lest))))
              (VBP Ablinde+d)
              (ADVP (ADVR swa)
                    (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
              (NP-OB1 (D +te) (N heorte))
              (, .)
              (CP-DEG-1 (C +tt)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
                                (NEG ne)
                                (MD mei)
                                (NP-OB1 (N so+d))
                                (VB icnawen)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.96.1152))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (ADVP (ADVR so)
                    (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VBD drove)
              (PP (P over)
                  (NP (NP-POS (D the) (N$ horse))
                      (N tayle)))
              (, ,)
              (CP-DEG-1 (C that)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N helme))
                                (VBD smote)
                                (PP (P into)
                                    (NP (D the) (N erthe)))
                                (NP-MSR (NP (D a) (N foote))
                                        (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                               (NP (QR more))))
                                (, ,)
                                (CP-ADV (C that)
                                        (IP-SUB (ADVP (ADV nyghe))
                                                (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N nek))
                                                (BED was)
                                                (VAN broke)))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,188.2720))

#### ALL THAT degree clauses

ALL THAT degree clauses (with the meaning AS MUCH AS) are treated as measure NPs with a `Q` head that takes a degree complement.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBD (VBD robbit) (CONJ and) (VBD quellede))
              (NP-OB1 (N folc))
              (, ,)
              (NP-MSR (Q al)
                      (CP-DEG (WNP-1 0)
                              (C +tat)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                      (MD might)
                                      (VB *))))
              (E_S .))(ID CMBRUT3,226.4097))

    (NODE (IP-INF-2 (VB g+atenn)
                    (NP-OB1 (PRO +te))
                    (LB |)
                    (LB |)
                    (NP-MSR (Q All)
                            (CP-DEG (WNP-3 0)
                                    (C +tatt)
                                    (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-3)
                                            (NP-SBJ (PRO +gho))
                                            (MD ma+g+g)
                                            (VB *))))
                    (PP (P fra)
                        (NP (N sinne))))
          (ID CMORM,I,214.1767))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (BED w+as)
              (PP (ADV+P +t+artogeanes))
              (NP-MSR (Q eall)
                      (CP-DEG (WNP-1 0)
                              (C +tet)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                      (MD (MD mihte) (CONJ &) (MD cu+de))
                                      (VB *))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMPETERB,43.54))

#### Comparative clauses (`CP-CMP`)

| The treatment of SUCH comparative clauses, which contain a gap, differs from that of the obligatorily extraposed degree complements of SUCH, which do not.

- SUCH comparatives
  - Postposed SUCH and other quantifiers
- Comparatives with empty expletive subjects
- Correlative comparatives
  - THE MORE ... THE MERRIER
  - AS ... SO clauses
- Elision in comparative clauses
- Comparative subdeletion
- THE ... MORE comparatives
- Implied comparatives

The external structure of comparatives is as follows. The whole comparison is treated as single constituent, which is labelled according to the category of its head. For example, AS TALL AS... is labelled as an `ADJP`, MORE CAKE THAN... is labelled as an `NP`, etc. The AS or THAN that introduces the comparative clause is labelled `P`, which takes a `CP-CMP` complement. The `PP` consisting of AS/THAN and its clausal complement is treated as a daughter of the entire comparison structure (not necessarily as a sister of the licensing comparative head). This leads to differences in annotation between comparatives and degree complements. Internally, all instances of `CP-CMP` have an empty operator coindexed with a trace indicating the elided target of the comparison.

    (NODE (ADJP (Q muche) (ADJR bygger)
                (PP (P than)
                    (CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0)
                            (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (ADJP *T*-2)
                                    (ADVP-TMP (ADV ever))
                                    (BED was)
                                    (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Kay))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,200.3172))

    (NODE (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV faste)
                (PP (P as)
                    (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
                            (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                    (NP-SBJ (PRO$ hys) (N horse))
                                    (MD myght)
                                    (VB renne)))))
          (ID CMMALORY,639.3917))

    (NODE (NP (QR more) (N worshyp)
              (PP (P than)
                  (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
                                  (VBP wotist)
                                  (PP (P off)
                                      (NP *T*-1))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,40.1325))

#### SUCH comparatives

SUCH comparatives differ from SUCH degree complements in containing a gap. SUCH comparatives are treated in the same way as other comparatives; that is, the PP dominating the `CP-CMP` is a daughter of the entire comparison structure (but not necessarily a sister of the licensing head). Therefore, no `ADJP` is added around SUCH, in contrast to extraposed degree complements of SUCH.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
              (MD shulde)
              (HV have)
              (NP-OB1 (SUCH such) (N chere)
                      (PP (P as)
                          (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                          (MD myght)
                                          (BE be)
                                          (VAN made)
                                          (PP (P for)
                                              (NP (PRO them)))
                                          (PP (P in)
                                              (NP (D thys) (NS marchis)))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,16.493))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                  (HVD had)
                  (NEG nat)
                  (BEN bene)
                  (NP-OB1 (SUCH such) (D a) (N knyght)
                          (PP (P as)
                              (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                              (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                              (BEP ar))))
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (N worship) (CONJ and) (N prouesse)))))
          (ID CMMALORY,48.1577))

#### Postposed SUCH and other quantifiers

When SUCH or other quantifiers are postposed (A KNIGHT SUCH AS HE IS), they are enclosed in phrase brackets, following general principles. SUCH is labelled `ADJP`, and other quantifiers `QP`. The comparative clause continues to be treated as a daughter of the whole comparison structure, not of the licensing head.

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
                  (MD schalt)
                  (HV haue)
                  (NP-OB1 (D a) (N chyld)
                          (ADJP (SUCH suche))
                          (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C +tat)
                                  (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP (ADV neuer))
                                                  (NP-SBJ (Q noon))
                                                  (HVD had)
                                                  (ADJP (NP *T*-1)
                                                        (ADJ lyke)))
                                          (, ,)
                                          (CONJP (CONJ ny)
                                                 (IP-SUB (ADJP (NP *T*-1)
                                                               (ADJ (CODE {like})))
                                                         (NP-SBJ *con*)
                                                         (ADVP-TMP (ADV neuer))
                                                         (MD schall)
                                                         (BE be)
                                                         (ADVP-TMP (ADV byfore) (CONJ nor) (ADV aftyr)))))))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMMIRK,16.448))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBD rode)
              (ADVP (ADV aftir))
              (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ grete) (N pace)
                      (QP (ADVR as) (Q muche))
                      (PP (P as)
                          (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
                                          (NP-SBJ (PRO$ hys) (N horse))
                                          (MD myght)
                                          (VB dryve)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,51.1686))

#### Comparatives with empty expletive subjects

When the comparison is on a predicate, the subject is sometimes empty and must therefore be filled by an empty expletive. Note that the indices indicating movement are distinct from those indicating the relationship between the empty expletive and any associate (= logical subject).

    (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ easy)
          (PP (P as)
              (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (ADJP *T*-1)
                              (NP-SBJ *exp*)	<-- empty expletive corresponds to IT
    			  (MD may)
    		          (BE be)))))

    (NP (QP (ADVR as) (Q few))
        (PP (P as)
            (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                    (C 0)
                    (IP-SUB (NP=2 *T*-1)
                            (NP-SBJ-2 *exp*)	<-- empty expletive corresponds to THERE
    	    	        (MD may)
    		        (BE be)))))

    (PP (P with)
        (NP (QP (ADVR as) (Q little))
            (N noise)
            (PP (P as)
                (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                        (C 0)
                        (IP-SUB (NP=2 *T*-1)
                                (NP-SBJ-2 *exp*)	<-- empty expletive corresponds to THERE
    		  	    (MD may)
    		            (BE be)))))

#### Correlative comparatives

#### THE MORE ... THE MERRIER

The clause contained in the first comparative in a THE MORE ... THE MERRIER construction is labelled `CP-CMP`. If the clause is elided, the entire construction is treated as `NP-ADV`.

The two comparative constituents in a THE MORE ... THE MERRIER construction do not receive dash tags; in particular, they are not treated as a pair of left-dislocated (`-LFD`) and resumptive (`-RSP`) elements.

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (D +te) (ADVR better)
                    (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
                            (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                    (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
                                    (VBP prayes))))
              (, ,)
              (ADVP (D +te) (ADVR wyseleere))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
              (VBP thynkis)
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMROLLTR,33.704))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADVR as) (ADV ofte)
                        (PP (P as)
                            (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
                                    (C 0)
                                    (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                                            (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                            (VBD wyped)
                                            (RP of)
                                            (NP-OB1 (D a) (N drope)
                                                    (PP (P of)
                                                        (NP (N corrupcioun))))
                                            (PP (P of)
                                                (NP (PRO$ his) (N nose)
                                                    (, ,)
                                                    (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
                                                            (C +tat)
                                                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
                                                                    (BED was)
                                                                    (NP-TMP (Q+N somtyme))
                                                                    (VAN i-kutte)))))))))
              (, ,)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADVR so) (ADV ofte))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VBD made)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
                      (VB slee)
                      (NP-OB1 (Q som)
                              (PP (P of)
                                  (NP (PRO$ his) (NS enemyes)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMPOLYCH,VI,171.1215))

An initial ADJP in a correlative comparative is labelled `ADJP-SPR`.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV ay))
              (ADJP-SPR (D the) (QR moore) (ADJ strong)
                        (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
                                (C that)
                                (IP-SUB (ADJP *T*-1)
                                        (NP-SBJ (D the) (N flessh))
                                        (BEP is))))
              (, ,)
              (ADJP (D the) (ADJR sorier))
              (MD may)
              (NP-SBJ (D the) (N soule))
              (BE be)
              (E_S .))
              (ID CMCTPARS,302.C1.556))

    ( (IP-IMP-SPE (ADJP-SPR (D +Te) (ADJR grettyr)
                            (CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0)
                                    (C 0)
                                    (IP-SUB (ADJP *T*-2)
                                            (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
                                            (BEP be))))
                  (, ,)
                  (ADJP-3 (D +te) (ADJR meker))
                  (VBI make)
                  (IP-SMC (ADJP *ICH*-3)
                          (NP-SBJ (PRO +te)))
                  (PP (P yn)
                      (NP (Q all) (N +tyng))))
                  (ID CMMIRK,58.1600))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
                  (, ,)
                  (PP-PRN (P as)
                          (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                          (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ same) (NPR Senec))
                                          (VBP seith))))
                  (, ,)
                  (' ')
                  (ADJP-SPR (ADJP (D The) (QR moore) (ADJ cleer))
                            (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                   (ADJP (D the) (QR moore) (VAG shynyng)))
                            (CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0)
                                    (C that)
                                    (IP-SUB (ADJP *T*-2)
                                            (NP-SBJ (N Fortune))
                                            (BEP is))))
                  (, ,)
                  (ADJP (ADJP (D the) (QR moore) (ADJ brotil))
                        (CONJP (CONJ and)
                               (ADJP (D the) (ADVR sonner) (VAN broken))))
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
                  (BEP is)
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMCTMELI,230.C1.510))

An initial NP in a correlative comparative is labelled `NP-ADT`.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ For)
              (PP (P when)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NS men))
                                  (HVP hase)
                                  (VBN feled)
                                  (NP-OB1 (Q oght)
                                          (PP (P of)
                                              (NP (D +tat) (N savoure)))))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-ADT (D +te) (QR mare)
                      (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO +tai))
                                      (HVP have))))
              (NP-OB1 (D +te) (QR mare))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO +tai))
              (VBP covayte)
              (E_S ;))
      (ID CMROLLEP,114.899))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-ADT (D +Te) (QR mare)
                      (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                      (HVP hauis)
                                      (PP (P in)
                                          (NP (N pouste))))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-OB1 (D +te) (QR mare)
                      (CP-EOP *ICH*-2))
              (HVP hauis)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (CP-EOP-2 (WNP-3 0)
                        (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-3)
                                (TO at)
                                (VB yelde)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMBENRUL,6.192))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-ADT (QP (ADVR zuo) (Q moche))
                          (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (BEP is)
                                          (ADJP (NP *T*-1)
                                                (ADJ wor+t))
                                          (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N man)))))
                  (, /)
                  (NP-2 (QP (ADVR zuo) (Q moche)))
                  (BEP bye+t)
                  (ADJP (NP *ICH*-2)
                        (ADJ wor+t))
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (NS workes)))
          (ID CMAYENBI,91.1772))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-ADT (NP (D the) (ADJR more) (N peyne))
                          (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                 (NP (D the) (QR more) (N tribulacioun)))
                          (CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
                                  (C +tat)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
                                          (NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
                                          (VBP suffren)
                                          (PP (P for)
                                              (NP (N loue)
                                                  (PP (P of)
                                                      (NP (PRO$ here) (N god))))))))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-OB1 (D the) (CODE <P_117>) (QR more) (N ioye))
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
                  (MD schull)
                  (HV haue)
                  (PP (P in)
                      (NP (D+OTHER another) (N world))))
          (ID CMMANDEV,117.2854))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
                  (NP-ADT (D +te) (QR mor) (N schame)
                          (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                          (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                                          (VBP suffyr)))
                          (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                 (NX (N despite))))
                  (, ,)
                  (ADJP (D +te) (ADJR meryar))
                  (MD may)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                  (BE ben)
                  (PP (P in)
                      (NP (PRO$ owr) (NPR Lord)
                          (NP-PRN (NPR Ihesu) (NPR Crist))))
                  (E_S .)
                  (" "))
      (ID CMKEMPE,135.3157))

#### AS ... SO clauses

(RIGHT/SO/LIKE/EVER) AS ... SO clauses are treated like THE MORE ... THE MERRIER constructions. The two correlative constituents do not receive dash tags; in particular, they are not treated as a pair of left-dislocated (`-LFD`) and resumptive (`-RSP`) elements. SO is tagged ADV (not ADVR) in this construction.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (PP (P as)
                  (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                  (NP-SBJ (NPR Arthur))
                                  (VBD sped)
                                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV afore)))))
              (ADVP (ADV so))
              (DOD dyd)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (PP (P at)
                  (NP (NPR Eester)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,10.294))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
              (PP (ADV alswa)
                  (P as)
                  (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                  (NP-SBJ (Q euch) (N +ting))
                                  (HVD hefde)
                                  (NP-OB1 (N biginnunge))
                                  (PP (P of)
                                      (NP (PRO$ his) (N godlec)))))))
              (, ;)
              (ADVP (ADV alswa))
              (MD schulden)
              (NP-SBJ (Q alle))
              (HV habben)
              (NP-OB1 (N endunge))
              (, .)
              (PP (P +gef)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                  (NP-OB1 (D +tt))
                                  (VBD walde))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMKATHE,22.57))

    ( (IP-MAT (PP (ADV Riht)
                  (P alswo)
                  (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                  (NP-SBJ (D +de) (N lichame))
                                  (NP-OB1 (Q none) (N strenc+te))
                                  (NEG ne)
                                  (MD mai)
                                  (HV habben)
                                  (PP (P wi+d-uten)
                                      (NP (NS bonen))))))
              (, ,)
              (ADVP (Q al) (ADV swo))
              (NEG ne)
              (MD mai)
              (NP-SBJ (NP (PRO ic))
                      (CONJP (CONJ ne)
                             (NP (Q non) (N saule))))
              (NP-OB1 (N $streng+te) (CONJ ne) (N mihte))
              (HV habben)
              (PP (P wi+d-uten)
                  (NP (D +dese) (ADJ hali) (NS mihten)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMVICES1,93.1099))

#### Elision in comparative clauses

Often, parts of the comparative clause are elided. If only one element is missing, it is usually indicated by the generic empty category `(X *)`. If more material is missing, appropriate material is sometimes added in `(CODE {...})` in order to make the structure clearer. Elision contexts license clausal complements of P other than `CP-ADV` and `CP-CMP`.

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (QP (ADVR as) (Q many))
                          (PP *ICH*-2))
                  (MD mict)
                  (BE be)
                  (VAN turnyd)
                  (PP (P be)
                      (NP (PRO$ hys) (N voys)))
                  (PP-2 (P as)
                        (CP-CMP (WNP-3 0)
                                (C 0)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
                                        (MD xulde)
                                        (BE ben)
                                        (VAN *)		<-- verb elided
                                        (PP (P be)
                                            (NP (PRO$ thy) (N voys)))
                                        (PP (P +gyf)
                                            (CP-ADV (C 0)
                                                    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu)
    								(NP-PRN *ICH*-4))
                                                            (VBD prechedist)
                                                            (NP-PRN-4 (PRO$+N thy-selfe)))))))))
          (ID CMKEMPE,149.3461))

    (NODE (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (NP (NPR sir) (NPR Ulphuns))
                          (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                 (NP (NPR sir) (NPR Brastias))))
                  (VB tarry)
                  (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
                  (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ longe))
                          (PP (P as)
                              (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
                                              (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                                              (MD wolde)
                                              (VB *))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,16.492))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
              (MD cou+te)
              (ADVP (ADVR bettre)
                    (PP *ICH*-1))
              (VB understonde)
              (NP-OB1 (D +te) (N longage)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (NPR Grew))))
              (PP-1 (P +tan)
                    (CP-CMP (WADVP-2 0)
                            (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
                                    (CODE {he_could})
                                    (VB speke)
                                    (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMPOLYCH,VI,255.1858))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
                  (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
                  (BEP ys)
                  (ADJP (ADJR bettir)
                        (PP *ICH*-2))
                  (CP-THT-1 (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
                                    (VBP sle)
                                    (NP-OB1 (D a) (N cowarde))))
                  (PP-2 (P than)
                        (CP-CMP (WADJP-3 0)
                                (C 0)
                                (IP-SUB (ADJP *T*-3)
                                        (CODE {it_is})
                                        (CP-THT (C 0)
                                                (IP-SUB (PP (P thorow)
                                                            (NP (D a) (N coward)))
                                                        (NP-SBJ (Q all) (PRO we))
                                                        (BEP be)
                                                        (VAN slayne))))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,27.865))

    (NODE (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO+N hemselff))
                  (ADJP (ADJP (QR more) (VAN blessed))
                        (CONJP (CONJ and)
                               (ADJP (ADJR more)
                                     (PP (P in)
                                         (NP (N worship)))))
                        (PP (P than)
                            (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
                                    (C 0)
                                    (IP-SUB (ADJP *T*-1)
                                            (CODE {they_think_themself_blessed_if})
                                            (CP-ADV (C 0)
                                                    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                                                            (HVD had)
                                                            (VBN gotyn)
                                                            (NP-OB1 (Q halff) (D the) (N worlde)))))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,659.4580))

If an entire clause containing a trace is elided, the clause brackets are included but no internal structure is given except the trace. The content of the elided clause is added (using Modern English) within `(CODE {...})` to make the structure clearer. See also Deletion ("chopping") of stranded prepositions.

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                  (MD wol)
                  (VB venge)
                  (NP-OB1 (PRO yow))
                  (PP (P of)
                      (NP (D the) (N outrage)
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (PRO$ youre) (NS adversaries)))))
                  (PP (P in)
                      (NP (OTHER oother) (N manere)
                          (PP (P than)
                              (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N right))
                                              (VBP comandeth))))))))
    					  (CP-THT (PP (P (CODE {in}))
                                                          (NP *T*-1))
                                                      (CODE {that_you_venge_yourself})
          (ID CMCTMELI,232.C1.582))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
                  (BED weren)
                  (ADJP (ADJP (ADVR se) (ADJ wise))
                        (CONJP (CONJ ant)
                               (ADJP (ADVR se) (ADJ witi)))
                        (PP (P as)
                            (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
                                    (C 0)
                                    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (MAN me))
                                            (VBD fore-seide)
    					(CP-THT (ADJP *T*-1)
                                                    (CODE {that_they_were})))))))
          (ID CMKATHE,27.132))

#### Comparative subdeletion

Sometimes the target of the comparison in a comparative clause is not entirely elided. The implicit measure or degree phrase is missing, but the head (noun, adjective, or other) is present. This normally occurs when the head differs from the head of the containing comparison structure. In these cases, the missing measure or degree phrase is indicated by a `NP-MSR` trace in the constituent containing the lower head.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV +te+d+dan))
              (BED weren)
              (NP-1 (QP (ADVR swa) (Q felen))
                    (NS spechen)
                    (PP (P swa)
                        (CP-CMP (WNP-3 0)
                                (C 0)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 (EX +tere))
                                        (NP-2 (NP-MSR *T*-3)
                                              (NS wurhten))
                                        (BED weren)))))
              (E_S ;))
      (ID CMLAMBX1,93.822))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N body))
                  (VBD stickede)
                  (ADJP-SPR (ADVR alse) (ADJ ful)
                            (PP (P of)
                                (NP (NS Arwes)))
                            (PP (P as)
                                (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                        (C 0)
                                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D an) (N hirchone))
                                                (BEP is)
                                                (ADJP (NP-MSR *T*-1)
                                                      (ADJ ful)
                                                      (PP (P of)
                                                          (NP (NS prickes)))))))))
          (ID CMBRUT3,107.3234))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                  (HVP ha+t)
                  (NP-OB1 (QR more) (N ioie)
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (D +te) (N fynding)
                                  (PP (ADV+P +ter-of))))
                          (, ,)
                          (PP (P +ten)
                              (CP-CMP (WNP-3 0)
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP (ADV euer))
                                              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                              (HVD had)
                                              (NP-OB1 (NP-MSR *T*-3)
                                                      (N sorow)
                                                      (PP (P of)
                                                          (NP (D +te) (N lesing)))))))))

          (ID CMCLOUD,132.820))

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Certes))
              (, ,)
              (PP (P agayns)
                  (NP (D that) (VAN cursed) (N wanhope)))
              (MD sholde)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VB thynke)
              (CP-THT (C that)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (NPR passion)
                                      (PP (P of)
                                          (NP (NPR Jhesu) (NPR Crist))))
                              (BEP is)
                              (ADJP (QR moore) (ADJ strong)
                                    (IP-INF (FOR for) (TO to)
                                            (VB bynde))
                                    (PP (P than)
                                        (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                                (C 0)
                                                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N synne))
                                                        (BEP is)
                                                        (ADJP (NP-MSR *T*-1)
                                                              (ADJ strong)
                                                              (IP-INF (FOR for) (TO to)
                                                                      (VB bynde))))))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMCTPARS,327.C2.1673))

#### THE ... MORE comparatives

Vices and Virtues still exhibits a few correlative comparatives where THE still retains its original meaning (roughly, TO THAT DEGREE) and is separated from the quantifier. Exceptionally, in such cases, when THE is not separated from the rest of the constituent, it is labelled `NP-MSR`.

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-MSR (D +de)
                      (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                      (NP-MSR (NP-MSR *T*-1)
                                              (QR more))
                                      (BEP is)
                                      (ADJP (ADJ swaint))
                                      (PP (P mid)
                                          (NP (NP (NS deules))
                                              (, ,)
                                              (CONJP (NP (NS fondinges)
                                                         (PP (PP (P of)
                                                                 (NP (NPR dieule)))
                                                             (CONJP (CONJ o+der)
                                                                    (PP (P of)
                                                                        (NP (N manne))))))))))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-MSR-2 (D +de))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (ADJP (NP-MSR *ICH*-2)
                    (ADJR strengere)
                    (CONJP (CONJ and)
                           (ADJX (ADJR betere))))
              (BEP is)
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP (ADJ gode) (NS werkes)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMVICES1,29.329))

    ( (IP-MAT (PP (P Gif)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +du))
                                  (NP-OB1 (D +dis) (N liht))
                                  (MD miht)
                                  (VB isien))))
              (, ,)
              (ADVP (ADV full) (ADV +gewiss))
              (NP-MSR (D +de)
                      (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +du))
                                      (ADJP (NP-MSR *T*-1)
                                            (ADJR hei+ger))
                                      (BEP art))))
              (, ,)
              (ADVP (NP-MSR (D +te))        <--- THE labelled NP-MSR
                    (ADVR warliker))
              (NP-SBJ *pro*)
              (NP-OB1 (PRO +de) (N seluen))
              (MD wilt)
              (VB ne+derin)
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMVICES1,49.553))

The Lambeth Homilies have one comparative with THES, a genitive of extent, as the head of the comparison.

    (NODE (IP-MAT-1 (CONJ ah)
                    (NP-MSR (D +tes)
                            (CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
                                    (C +te)
                                    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
                                            (HVD heoueden)
                                            (NP-OB1 (NP-MSR *T*-2)
                                                    (QR mare) (N wele))
                                            (PP (P on)
                                                (NP (D +tisse) (N liue))))))
                    (, .)
                    (NP-MSR-3 (D +tes))
                    (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
                    (MD ahte)
                    (TO to)
                    (BE beon)
                    (ADJP (ADJP (NP-MSR *ICH*-3)
                                (D +te) (ADJR edmoddre))
                          (, .)
                          (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                 (ADJP (NP-MSR *ICH*-3)
                                       (D +ta) (QR mare) (ADJ imete))))
                    (PP (Q al)
                        (P swa)
                        (CP-ADV (C 0)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
                                        (NP-OB1 (PRO$ ure) (N wele))
                                        (NEG+BED nere)))))
          (ID CMLAMBX1,5.43))

#### Implied comparatives

Implied comparatives do not have an overt comparative element modifying the head of the comparison, but have a comparative interpretation, and so we annotate them in the same way. There are two types:

- like the AS SOON AS type, but without the initial AS

      (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ ouwer) (N saule))
                    (VBP secli)
                    (ADVP-TMP (ADV sone)
                              (PP (P se)
                                  (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
                                          (C 0)
                                          (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                                                  (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
                                                  (BEP is)
                                                  (RP vte))))))
            (ID CMANCRIW,II.41.367))

      ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV +Ta))
                (ADVP-TMP (ADV sone)
                          (PP (P swa)
                              (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                                              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                              (HVD h+afde)
                                              (NP-OB1 (N wind))))))
                (, ,)
                (ADVP (ADV swa))
                (VBD ferde)
                (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                (PP (RP ofer) (LB |) (P into)
                    (NP (NPR Normandie)))
                (E_S ;))
        (ID CMPETERB,44.95))

- like a SUCH comparative, but without an overt SUCH

      ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                    (BEP ys)
                    (NP-OB1 (NP (D a)
                                (ADJP (ADV passynge) (ADJ good))
                                (N man)
                                (PP (P of)
                                    (NP (PRO$ hys) (N body)))
                                (PP (P as)
                                    (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                            (C 0)
                                            (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                                    (NP-SBJ (Q fewe))
                                                    (BEP bene)
                                                    (IP-PPL (VAG lyvynge))))))
                            (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                   (NP (D a)
                                       (ADJP (ADV passynge) (ADJ proude))
                                       (N man))))
                    (E_S .))
        (ID CMMALORY,44.1454))

      ( (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                (TO to)
                (VB lere)
                (PP (P til)
                    (NP (NP (D a) (ADJ febyll) (N man))
                        (CONJP (CONJ and)
                               (NP (D a) (ADJ fleschly)))
                        (, ,)
                        (PP (P als)
                            (CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
                                    (C 0)
                                    (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
                                            (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                                            (BEP am)))))))
        (ID CMROLLEP,108.762))

      ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
                (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
                (VBD ward)
                (ADVP-TMP (ADV sone))
                (NP-OB1 (ADJP (ADV suythe) (ADJ god))
                        (N pais)
                        (PP (P sua)
                            (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                    (C +dat)
                                    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                            (ADVP-TMP (ADV neure))
                                            (BED was)
                                            (ADVP-LOC (ADV here))))))
                (E_S .))
        (ID CMPETERB,59.623))

#### Questions (`CP-QUE`)

- Indirect questions
  - Ordinary indirect questions
    - Sluicing
  - Appositive/parenthetical indirect questions
  - IF questions
  - Indirect WHETHER questions
  - Adverbial WHETHER questions
- Direct questions
  - Direct wh- questions
  - YES/NO questions
  - Direct questions without inversion
    - Echo questions
    - Second conjuncts of questions
  - Direct WHETHER questions

Direct and indirect questions are not differentiated by clause label. Questions contain a `C` position depending on whether they exhibit subject-verb inversion (see Verb fronting to C). Direct questions generally exhibit inversion, with some exceptions. Conversely, indirect questions generally do not exhibit inversion, again with some exceptions, especially when the verb is main verb BE.

#### Indirect questions

#### Ordinary indirect questions

Indirect questions usually occur as complements, but occasionally as complete tokens, usually in the context of headings.

    ( (IP-IMP-SPE (' ')
                  (VBI Aske)
                  (CP-QUE (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                  (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                  (VBP woll))))
      (ID CMMALORY,48.1599))

    ( (IP-IMP-SPE (CONJ and)
                  (VBI telle)
                  (NP-OB2 (PRO hem))
                  (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                                  (HVP have)
                                  (VBN spedde)))
                  (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,49.1638))

    (NODE (IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
                      (VB bryng)
                      (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N tydyng)
                              (CP-QUE (WADJP-1 (WADV howe) (ADJ ny))
                                      (C that)
                                      (IP-SUB (ADJP-LOC *T*-1)
                                              (NP-SBJ (D the) (N Quene))
                                              (BED was)))))
          (ID CMGREGOR,213.1957))

#### Sluicing

The term "sluicing" refers to the elision of the entire `IP-SUB` part of an indirect question. Our annotation includes only the the wh- phrase and the `CP-QUE` immediately dominating it. The elided `IP-SUB` is completely omitted, as is the silent complementizer.

Sluiced indirect questions commonly occur as part of the I SAID I KNOW NOT WHAT construction.

#### Appositive/parenthetical indirect questions

When indirect questions occur in apposition to a demonstrative or other NP, they carry the extended tag `-PRN`. If extraposed, they (like extraposed appositive/parenthetical THAT clauses) are coindexed with a trace within the NP in order to distinguish them from verbal complements.

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (ADJ laste) (N thyng)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C that)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (NS men))
                                      (MD shal)
                                      (VB understonde)
                                      (PP (P in)
                                          (NP (N contricioun))))))
              (BEP is)
              (NP-OB1 (D this)
                      (, :)
                      (CP-QUE-PRN (WPP-2 (WADV+P wherof))
                                  (IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
                                          (VBP avayleth)
                                          (NP-SBJ (N contricioun)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMCTPARS,296.C1a.333))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ but)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
                  (VBP knowen)
                  (NEG not)
                  (NP-OB1 (D this)
                          (, ,)
                          (CP-QUE-PRN (WPP-1 (P of)
                                             (WNP (WPRO whennus)))
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
                                              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                              (BEP is))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMNTEST,IX,20.924))

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Na+telees))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
              (MD maist)
              (PP (P bi)
                  (NP (D +tat) (N si+gt)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (NPR$ Cristis) (N liif)))))
              (, ,)
              (VB (VB folowe) (CONJ and) (VB rule))
              (NP-OB1 (PRO$ +tin) (ADJ owne) (N conscience))
              (PP (P in)
                  (NP (D +tis) (N poynt)
                      (, :)
                      (CP-QUE-PRN (CP-QUE (WNP-1 (WPRO whom))
                                          (C 0)
                                          (IP-SUB-3 (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                                    (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
                                                    (MD schalt)
                                                    (VB folowe)))
                                  (, ,)
                                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                         (CP-QUE (WNP-2 (WPRO whom))
                                                 (C 0)
                                                 (IP-SUB=3 (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
                                                           (VB reffuse))))
                                  (, ,)
                                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                         (CP-QUE (WPP-4 (P wi+t)
                                                        (WNP (WPRO whom)))
                                                 (C 0)
                                                 (IP-SUB (PP *T*-4)
                                                         (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
                                                         (MD maist)
                                                         (BE ben)
                                                         (ADJP (ADJ hoomly)))))
                                  (, ,)
                                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                         (CP-QUE (WPP-5 (P with)
                                                        (WNP (WPRO whom)))
                                                 (C 0)
                                                 (IP-SUB (PP *T*-5)
                                                         (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
                                                         (MD schalt)
                                                         (BE be)
                                                         (ADJP (ADJ strange))))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMHILTON,12.79))

#### IF questions

In indirect questions headed by IF, IF fills the complementizer position. When both IF and THAT are present, both are labelled `C`.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV then))
              (NP-SBJ (D the) (N prynce))
              (VBD askyd)
              (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
              (CP-QUE (C yf)
                      (C that)
                      (CODE <P_106>)
                      (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                        (MD wolde)
                                        (VB for-sake)
                                        (NP-OB1 (PRO$ hys) (N heresy)))
                              (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                     (IP-SUB=1 (VB be-leve)
                                               (PP (P on)
                                                   (NP (D the) (N faythe)
                                                       (PP (P of)
                                                           (NP (Q alle) (ADJ Hooly) (NPR Chyrche)))))))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMGREGOR,106.228))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO sche))
              (VBD asked)
              (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
              (CP-QUE (C +gif)
                      (C +tat)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                              (BED were)
                              (NP-OB1 (D a) (N knyght)))))
      (ID CMMANDEV,15.331))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                  (NP-OB2 (PRO +te+g+gm))
                  (VBD +g+afe)
                  (NP-OB1 (N ra+t)
                          (CP-QUE *ICH*-1))
                  (NP-TMP (D +tatt) (N nahht))
                  (LB |)
                  (LB |)
                  (PP (P +Turrh)
                      (NP (NP-POS (NPR Hali+g) (NPR$ Gastess))
                          (N rune)))
                  (, ,)
                  (LB |)
                  (LB |)
                  (CP-QUE-1 (C +Giff)
                            (C +tatt)
                            (IP-SUB-2 (NP-SBJ (PRO te+g+g))
                                      (MD sholldenn)
                                      (IP-SUB-PRN=2 (CONJ o+terr)
                                                    (NEG nohht))
                                      (LB |)
                                      (LB |)
                                      (ADVP (ADV Efft))
                                      (VB wendenn)
                                      (PP (P till)
                                          (NP (NPR Herode))))))
          (ID CMORM,I,258.2093))

#### Indirect WHETHER questions

See also Adverbial WHETHER questions, Direct WHETHER questions, and WHETHER free relatives. Originally, WHETHER meant WHICH OF TWO, and it still occasionally occurs with that meaning in early texts. In that case, it is tagged `WPRO` and contained in a `WNP`.

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Thus))
              (MD maist)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
              (VB rekne)
              (NP-OB1 (NP (Q bothe) (NS arches))
                      (, ,)
                      (CONJP (CONJ or)
                             (NP (Q every) (N porcioun)
                                 (, ,)
                                 (CP-REL (WPP-1 (P of)
                                                (WNP (WPRO whether))) <-- = WHICH OF TWO
                                         (C that)
                                         (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
                                                 (NP-SBJ *exp*)
                                                 (NP-OB2 (PRO the))
                                                 (VBP liketh))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMASTRO,672.C1.320))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ Ne)
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV neauer))
                  (NEG+VBP nuten)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
                  (PP (P of)
                      (NP (D +teos) (NUM twa)))
                  (, ;)
                  (CP-QUE (WNP-1 (WPRO hwe+der))		<-- = WHICH OF TWO
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                  (NP-OB2 (PRO ham))
                                  (VBP +tunche+d)
                                  (ADJP (ADJR wurse))
                                  (, .)
                                  (PP (P for)
                                      (CP-ADV (C 0)
                                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q ei+der))
                                                      (BEP is)
                                                      (ADJP (ADJ un+tolelich)))))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMSAWLES,172.82))

Ordinary WHETHER is labelled `WQ` with no containing phrasal tag and no associated trace. A complementizer position is always included in the annotation, as it is sometimes filled.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBD asked)
              (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
              (CP-QUE (WQ whethir)
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                        (BEP were)
                                        (ADVP (ADV sore))
                                        (VAN wounded))
                              (CONJP (CONJ or)
                                     (IP-SUB=1 (NEG none)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,639.3936))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ but)
                  (PP (P and)
                      (CP-ADV (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                                      (MD myght)
                                      (VB preve)
                                      (NP-OB1 (PRO hit)))))
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                  (MD wolde)
                  (VB weete)
                  (CP-QUE (WQ whether)
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
                                            (BED were)
                                            (ADJP (ADVR bettir) (ADJ worthy)
                                                  (IP-INF (TO to)
                                                          (HV have)
                                                          (NP-OB1 (PRO hym)))))
                                  (CONJP (CONJ or)
                                         (IP-SUB=1 (NP-SBJ (PRO I))))))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,34.1075))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                  (MD may)
                  (VB chose)
                  (CP-QUE (WQ whether)
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                  (MD woll)
                                  (VB (VB dye) (CONJ other) (VB lyve))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,197.3040))

Finally, WHETHER occurs as a spelling variant of WHITHER, in which case it is tagged `WADV` and contained in a `WADVP` that is coindexed with an `ADVP-DIR`.

#### Adverbial WHETHER questions

WHETHER questions that are not direct questions or the complement of a verb, but fill an adverbial function, are labelled `CP-QUE-ADV`.

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                  (MD shal)
                  (VB overcome)
                  (NP-OB1 (PRO hem)
                          (QP (Q all)))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-QUE-ADV (WQ whether)
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                                                (VBP wille))
                                      (CONJP (CONJ or)
                                             (IP-SUB=1 (NEG+VBP nylle)))))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,13.372))

    (NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO Thou))
                      (BEP arte)
                      (PP (P in)
                          (NP (PRO$ my) (N daungere)))
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-QUE-ADV (WQ whethir)
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
                                          (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
                                          (VBP lyste)
                                          (IP-INF-1 (IP-INF (TO to)
                                                            (VB save)
                                                            (NP-OB1 (PRO the)))
                                                    (CONJP (CONJ or)
                                                           (IP-INF (TO *)
                                                                   (VB sle)
                                                                   (NP-OB1 (PRO the))))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,40.1309))

#### Direct questions

Direct questions (both wh- and YES/NO questions) are usually matrix clauses, but can appear in direct speech contexts as the complement of verbs, in which case the dash tag `-SPE` is added.

#### Direct wh- questions

    ( (CP-QUE-SPE (' ')
                  (WADVP-1 (WADV Where))
                  (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                              (BEP is)
                              (NP-SBJ (PRO he)))
                  (, ?)
                  (' ')
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
                              (NP-SBJ (D the) (N kyng)))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,3.65))

    ( (CP-QUE-SPE (' ')
                  (WADVP-1 (WADV How))
                  (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
                              (VBD gate)
                              (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                              (NP-OB1 (D this) (N swerd)))
                  (, ?)
                  (' ')
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
                              (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Ector))
                              (PP (P to)
                                  (NP (NPR Arthur))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,9.242))

    ( (CP-QUE-SPE (' ')
                  (WNP-1 (WPRO What))
                  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                              (MD will)
                              (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                              (DO do))
                  (, ?)
                  (' ')
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
                              (NP-SBJ (NPR Merlyn))
                              (PP (P to)
                                  (NP (D the) (NS kynges))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,13.384))

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
              (VBD seyde)
              (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ olde) (N man))
              (, ,)
              (' ')
              (CP-QUE-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV Why))
                          (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
                                      (BEP ar)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                      (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ sad))))
              (E_S ?)
              (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,34.1100))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
              (VBP praye)
              (NP-OB2 (PRO the))
              (, ,)
              (CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
                          (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (VBP hatte)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))))
              (E_S ?))
      (ID CMAELR4,20.582))

#### YES/NO questions

    ( (CP-QUE-SPE (' ')
                  (IP-SUB-SPE (VBD Found)
                              (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                              (NP-OB1 (Q ony) (NS knyghtes))
                              (PP (P about)
                                  (NP (D this) (N swerd))))
                  (, ?)
                  (' ')
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seid)
                              (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Ector)))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,9.248))

    ( (CP-QUE-SPE (' ')
                  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-VOC (N Sir))
                              (, ,)
                              (' ')
                              (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
                                          (NP-SBJ (NPR Ector))
                                          (PP (P unto)
                                              (NP (NPR Arthur))))
                              (, ,)
                              (' ')
                              (MD woll)
                              (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                              (BE be)
                              (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my)
                                      (ADJP (ADJ good) (CONJ and) (ADJ gracious))
                                      (N lord))
                              (PP (P when)
                                  (CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
                                          (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                                      (BEP are)
                                                      (NP-OB1 (N kyng))))))
              (E_S ?)
              (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,9.272))

#### Direct questions without inversion

Certain direct questions do not exhibit inversion: echo questions and second conjuncts of questions. Direct WHETHER questions, which exhibit variable inversion, are treated separately.

#### Echo questions

    ( (CP-QUE-SPE (" ")
                  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (N Suffisaunce) (CONJ and) (N power))
                              (BEP ben)
                              (ADVP-TMP (ADV thanne))
                              (PP (P of)
                                  (NP (ONE o) (N kynde))))
                  (E_S ?)
                  (" ")) (ID CMBOETH,429.C1.22))

    (NODE (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (D This) (N thing))
                                  (VBP sclaundrith)
                                  (NP-OB1 (PRO +gou))))
          (E_S ?)) (ID CMNTEST,VI,60.558))

#### Second conjunct of questions

Although syntactically integrated by conjunction, second conjuncts of questions often do not form part of what is asked and do not exhibit inversion.

    ( (CP-QUE-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV Hou))
                  (IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
                                          (MD moun)
                                          (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge)
                                          (CP-REL-SPE *ICH*-2))
                                          (VB bileue)
                                          (, ,)
                                          (CP-REL-SPE-2 (WNP-3 0)
                                                        (C that)
                                                        (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
                                                                    (VBP resseyuen)
                                                                    (NP-OB1 (N glorie))
                                                                    (NP-ADV (NP (Q ech))
                                                                            (PP (P of)
                                                                                (NP (OTHER othere))))))
                              (, ,)
                              (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                     (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
                                                 (VBP seken)
                                                 (NEG not)
                                                 (NP-OB1 (D the) (N glorie)
                                                         (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-1 0)
                                                                     (C that)
                                                                     (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                                                                 (BEP is)
                                                                                 (PP (P of)
                                                                                     (NP (NPR God)
                                                                                         (ADJP (ADJ aloone))))))))))
                  (E_S ?))
      (ID CMNTEST,V,40.445))

    ( (CP-QUE-SPE (WQ Whether)
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (NPR Moises))
                                          (VBD +gaf)
                                          (NEG not)
                                          (PP (P to)
                                              (NP (PRO +gou)))
                                          (NP-OB1 (D a) (N lawe)))
                              (, ,)
                              (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                     (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (Q noon)
                                                         (PP (P of)
                                                             (NP (PRO +gou))))
                                                 (DOP doith)
                                                 (NP-OB1 (D the) (N lawe)))))
                  (E_S ?))
      (ID CMNTEST,VII,1.617))

#### Direct WHETHER questions

In some texts, WHETHER introduces direct questions, which exhibit optional inversion. Clauses without inversion contain a `C` position, and conversely, ones with inversion do not.

    ( (IP-MAT (PP (ADV+P Therfor))
              (NP-SBJ (NS disciplis))
              (VBD seiden)
              (ADVP (ADV togidir))
              (, ,)
              (CP-QUE-SPE (WQ Whether)
                          (C 0)				<-- no inversion, with C
                          (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (Q ony) (N man))
                                      (HVP hath)
                                      (VBN brou+gt)
                                      (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
                                      (NP-OB1 (N mete)
                                              (CP-EOP-SPE (WNP-1 0)
                                                          (IP-INF-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                                                      (TO to)
                                                                      (VB ete))))))
              (E_S ?))
      (ID CMNTEST,IV,20.309))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV sythen))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VBD seyd)
              (, ,)
              (" ")
              (CP-QUE-SPE (WQ Whe+tyr)
                          (IP-SUB-SPE (HVP haue)		<-- with inversion, no C
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                                      (VBN synned)
                                      (PP (PP (P wyth)
                                              (NP (NS wyfes)))
                                          (CONJP (CONJ er)
                                                 (PP (P wyth)
                                                     (NP (ADJ sengyl) (NS women)))))))
              (E_S ?)
              (" "))
      (ID CMKEMPE,27.579))

#### Exclamatives (`CP-EXL`)

Exclamations are tagged `CP-EXL`. Their internal syntax is that of questions.

    ( (CP-EXL (WNP-1 (WD what)
    		 (NS Pains)
    		 (IP-INF *ICH*-3))
    	  (IP-SUB (BEP is)
    		  (NP-SBJ (D a) (N Man))
    		  (PP (P at)
    		      (NP *T*-1))
    		  (IP-INF-3 (TO to)
    			    (VB get)
    			    (NP-OB1 (D the) (N Truth))
    			    (PP (RP out)
    				(P of)
    				(NP (D these) (NS Fellows)))))
    	  (. ,))
      (ID LISLE,IV,114C2.114))

    ( (CP-EXL (META (CODE <font>) (NPR Jo.) (CODE <$$font>))
    	  (INTJ O)
    	  (WNP-1 (WD what) (D a) (ADJ happy) (N man))
    	  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
    		  (MD shall)
    		  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
    		  (BE be))
    	  (. ,))
      (ID PENNY,116.18))

    ( (CP-EXL (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
    	  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
    		  (MD should)
    		  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
    		  (DO do)
    		  (PP (P with)
    		      (NP (SUCH such) (D a) (N house))))
    	  (. ,))
      (ID PENNY,116.36))

    ( (CP-EXL (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*)
    		  (VBD Woulde)
    		  (CP-THT (C 0)
    			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
    				  (MD might)
    				  (PP (P for)
    				      (NP (PRO$ your) (N sake)))
    				  (, ,)
    				  (VB spende)
    				  (NP-OB1 (NP-MSR (NUMP (D a) (NUM thousande))
    						  (N pound))
    					  (N land)))))
    	  (. .))
      (ID UDALL,L.1145.479))

#### Relative clauses (`CP-REL`)

- AS relatives
- Extraposed relative clauses
- SE +TE relatives
- THERE relatives

This section focuses on finite relative clauses. Infinitival relatives are discussed elsewhere.

Our annotation system does not distinguish restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses. Both types are contained within the brackets of their antecedent. Relative clauses that are not contained in (or do not leave a trace of extraposition in) the brackets of their antecedents are given a separate label: `CP-CAR` (CAR = clause-adjoined relative).

    (NODE (NP (D the) (ADJS byggest) (N castell)
              (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)				<-- restrictive
                      (C that)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                              (HVP hath))))
          (ID CMMALORY,2.32))

    (NODE (NP (D a) (N knyghte)
              (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                      (C that)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                              (VBP hyghte)
                              (NP-OB1 (NPR syr) (NPR Jordanus)
                                      (, ,)
                                      (NP-PRN (D a) (N knyghte)
                                              (PP (P of)
                                                  (NP (NP-POS (D the) (N$ dukes)))))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,4.81))

    (NODE (NP (D the) (N castel)
              (PP (P of)
                  (NP (NPR Terrabyl)))
              (, ,)
              (CP-REL (WNP-1 (D the) (WPRO whiche))		<-- non-restrictive
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                              (HVD had)
                              (NP-OB1 (Q many) (NS yssues)
                                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                             (NX (NS posternes)))
                                      (RP oute)))))
          (ID CMMALORY,3.36))

    (NODE (NP-OB1 (D the) (N mayster) (N fyende)
                  (PP (P of)
                      (NP (NPR helle)))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO which))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                  (HVP hath)
                                  (NP-OB1 (N pouste`))
                                  (PP (P over)
                                      (NP (Q all) (OTHER other) (NS devyllis))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,670.4984))

As usual, both the wh- constituent and the trace indicate the category of the gap, with additional functional information appearing on the trace only.

| In contrast to the modern standard language, earlier stages of the language allow relative clauses on subject position with both the relative pronoun and the complementizer position empty.

    (NODE (NP (Q ony) (N man)
              (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                      (C that)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)		<-- NP gap; function: subject
                              (MD woll)
                              (VB sey)
                              (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJ contrary)))))
          (ID CMMALORY,35.1136))

    (NODE (NP (D the) (ADJS byggest) (N castell)
              (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                      (C that)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)		<-- NP gap; function: object
                              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                              (HVP hath))))
          (ID CMMALORY,2.32))

    (NODE (NP (D a) (N tyme)
              (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (WADV whan))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)		<-- ADVP gap; function: temporal
                              (NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
                              (BED was)
                              (PP (P at)
                                  (NP (NPR London))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,45.1483))

    (NODE (NP (D the) (N castell)
              (PP (P of)
                  (NP (NPR Carbonek)))
              (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (WADV where))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)		<-- ADVP gap; function: locative
                              (NP-SBJ (D the) (VAN Maymed) (N Kyng))
                              (BEP ys)
                              (VAG lyyng))))
          (ID CMMALORY,659.4600))

#### AS relatives

AS relatives have the same structure as other relative clauses. They always contain an empty operator rather than an overt wh- word, and the complementizer is AS rather than THAT.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ ne)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBD cowde)
              (NP-PB1 (Q no) (N thing)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C as)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (N knyghthood))
                                      (VBD axed))))
               (E_S ,))
      (ID CMBRUT3,48.1438))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ Outher)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
              (BEP is)
              (NP-OB1 (D+N th'estaat)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (N innocence)))
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C as)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                      (BED was)
                                      (NP-OB1 (D+N th'estaat)
                                              (PP (P of)
                                                  (NP (NPR adam))))
                                      (PP (P biforn)
                                          (CP-ADV (C that)
                                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                                          (VBD fil)
                                                          (PP (P into)
                                                              (NP (N synne)))))))))
      (ID CMCTPARS,311.C1.981))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (PP (P yf)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
                                          (VBD dyfferre))
                                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
                                                 (MD wyll)
                                                 (NEG not)
                                                 (VB correcte)
                                                 (NP-OB1 (PRO$ our) (N selfe))
                                                 (ADVP-LOC (ADV here))
                                                 (PP (P in)
                                                     (NP (D the) (N scole)
                                                         (PP (P of)
                                                             (NP (N mercy))))))))))
              (, ,)
              (ADVP (ADVP (ADV full) (ADV grevously))
                    (CONJP (CONJ and)
                           (ADVP (QS moost) (ADV sharply))))
              (MD shall)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
              (VB abyde)
              (NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerde)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (N correccyon)))
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (PRO$ his) (N ryghtwysnesse)))
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C as)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (ADVP (ADV dayly))
                                      (PP (P by)
                                          (NP (N experyence)))
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
                                      (MD maye)
                                      (VB fele))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMINNOCE,9.138))

#### Extraposed relative clauses

As usual, extraposed relative clauses are coindexed to an `*ICH*` trace within the brackets of their antecedent.

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q every) (N man)
                          (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
                  (MD shold)
                  (VB assay)
                  (CP-REL-2 (WNP-3 0)
                            (C that)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
                                    (VBD wold)))
                  (IP-INF (FOR for) (TO to)
                          (VB wynne)
                          (NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerd))))
          (ID CMMALORY,8.206))

    (NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (NPR God))
                      (VBP gyff)
                      (NP-OB2 (PRO hym)
                              (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
                      (NP-OB1 (N joy))
                      (CP-REL-2 (WNP-1 0)
                                (C that)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                        (NP-OB1 (D this) (N spere))
                                        (VBD made))))
          (ID CMMALORY,201.3198))

#### SE +TE relatives

| +TE/THAT relatives (without SE) are treated as free relatives.
    (NP (CP-FRL (WNP 0)
                (C +te/that)
                (IP-SUB ...)))

| SE is often replaced by +TE in Middle English texts, yielding +TE +TE relatives.

SE +TE relatives are difficult to categorize unambiguously. In Old English, demonstrative pronouns (instead of wh- words) were used as relative pronouns, so that relative clauses introduced by demonstratives are at least potentially ambiguous between a reading in which the demonstrative is the antecedent of an ordinary relative clause containing an empty operator, and a free relative reading in which the demonstrative is the relative pronoun.

    (NP (D se)			<-- ordinary relative analysis - type 1
        (CP-REL (WNP 0)
                (C +te)
                (IP-SUB ...)))

    (NP (CP-FRL (WNP (D se))	<-- free relative analysis - type 2
                (C +te)
                (IP-SUB ...)))

In Old English, it is possible in most cases to deduce from the inflection on the demonstrative which of these two possibilities is instantiated (Cynthia Allen, 1980, Topics in diachronic English syntax, Garland Press). In type (1), the demonstrative reflects its role in the matrix clause, while in type (2), it reflects its role in the subordinate clause. But this criterion would be exceptionally difficult and time-consuming to apply in Middle English, and so we uniformly treat SE +TE relatives as ordinary relatives, even though this is (or may be) the wrong analysis in some cases.

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
                  (NP-LFD (D se)
                          (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C +de)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                          (NP-OB1 (NP (PRO +gew))
                                                  (CONJP *ICH*-2))
                                          (VBP forsak+t)
                                          (CONJP-2 (CONJ and)
                                                   (NP (PRO$ +gewere) (N lare))))))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
                  (VBP forsak+t)
                  (ADVP (ADV+ADV full+gewiss))
                  (NP-OB1 (PRO me) (N seluen))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMVICES1,45.496))

    (NODE (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D se)
                          (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C +de)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                          (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
                                          (VB wissin)
                                          (MD scolde))))
                  (, ,)
                  (DOP de+d)
                  (NP-OB1 (D +do) (ADJ ilke) (NS sennes)))
          (ID CMVICES1,127.1568))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
              (NP-LFD (D +te)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                      (BEP bi+d)
                                      (ADJP (ADJ $wis)))))
              (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
              (NEG $ne)
              (VBP $wur+d)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV $neure))
              (CODE {TEXT:neme})
              (ADJP (ADJ modi))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMLAMBX1,107.991))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
                  (NP-SBJ (D +te)
                          (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C +te)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                          (VBP nicke+d)
                                          (ADVP (ADV wel)))))
                  (, .)
                  (MD Mei)
                  (BE beon)
                  (VAN ibore+gen))
          (ID CMANCRIW,II.228.3299))

There are a few cases in the early texts with an NP antecedent and a SE +TE relative. Since the demonstrative cannot itself be treated as an antecedent in these cases, it is treated as a relative pronoun instead.

    (NP (D the) (N man)
        (CP-REL (WNP (D se))
                (C +te/0)
                (IP-SUB ...)))

The two elements in SE +TE relatives are not always both overt, and when only one element intervenes between the antecedent and the IP, it is not always possible to tell whether it occupies the wh- position or C. Our rule in these cases is that a single +TE or THAT occupies C, and that other demonstratives (SE, +TA, +TO, etc.) occupy the wh- position. As mentioned above, cases with +TE or THAT alone but without an antecedent are treated as free relatives.

    (NP (D the) (N man)
        (CP-REL (WNP 0)
                (C +te)
                (IP-SUB ...)))

    (NP (D the) (N man)
        (CP-REL (WNP (D se))
                (C 0)
                (IP-SUB ...)))

    ( (IP-MAT (PP (P Of)
                  (NP (D +tan)))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO heo))
              (HVD h+afde)
              (NP-OB1 (D an) (OTHER o+dre) (N dohter)
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 (D seo))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                      (BED w+as)
                                      (ALSO eac)
                                      (VAN gen+amd)
                                      (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-2)
                                              (NP-OB1 (NPR maria)))
                                      (PP (P +after)
                                          (NP (D +t+are) (ADJR +arre) (N dohter)))))
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-3 (D +tas))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (MAN man))
                                      (VBP cleope+d)
                                      (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
                                              (NP-OB1 (NPR Maria) (NPR Cleophe))))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMKENTHO,139.145))

    ( (IP-IMP (VBI Harke)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV nu))
              (NP-OB1 (D +de) (ADJ formeste) (N forbysne)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C +de)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                      (NP-OB2 (N+N mankenn))
                                      (VBD sceawede)))
                      (CP-REL (WNP-2 (D +das))
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
                                      (MD cunnen)
                                      (VB understonden))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMVICES1,49.549))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-LFD (D An) (ADJ lytel) (N synne)
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 (D +tone))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (MAN man))
                                      (NP-OB2 (PRO heo))
                                      (HVP h+af+d)
                                      (DON gedon)
                                      (, ,)
                                      (PP (P beo)
                                          (NP (PRO$ his) (N gewittscipe))))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO heo))
              (BEP is)
              (NP-OB1 (QR mare)
                      (PP (P +tone)
                          (NP (Q eall) (NPR middeneard))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMKENTHO,140.170))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
              (NP-SBJ (D se)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 (D +te))
                              (C +tet)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                      (NEG ne)
                                      (MD wolden)
                                      (DO done))))
              (VBD forgede)
              (NP-OB1 (NP (PRO$ his) (N circe))
                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                             (NP (PRO$ his) (N hus)))
                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                             (NP (PRO$ his) (N ham)))))
      (ID CMPETERB,51.292))

#### THERE relatives

| In the absence of both an antecedent and a complementizer, THERE relatives are treated as free relatives.
    (ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL (WADVP (ADV there))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB ...))

Relatives introduced by THERE and containing a complementizer (AS, THAT) are treated analogously to SE +TE relatives. THERE is treated as the antecedent unless another antecedent is present, in which case THERE occupies the wh- position and is labelled `WADVP`.

    (ADVP-LOC (ADV there)
              (CP-REL (WADVP 0)
                      (C as/that)
                      (IP-SUB ...)))

    (ADVP-LOC (ADV there)
              (CP-REL (WADVP there)
                      (C as/that/0)
                      (IP-SUB ...)))

    (NP (D the) (N place)
        (CP-REL (WADVP (ADV there))
                (C as/that/0)
                (IP-SUB ...)))

    ( (IP-IMP (CONJ And)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV +tanne))
              (PP (P wit)
                  (NP (Q alle) (N reuerence)))
              (VBI beklep)
              (NP-OB1 (Q sum) (N party)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (D+ADJ +tilke) (ADJ swete) (N stalle)		<-- NP THERE
                              (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (ADV +ter))
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ +ty) (ADJ +gunge) (N husbonde))
                                              (VBP ly+t)
                                              (PP (P in)
                                                  (ADVP *T*-1)))))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMAELR3,40.420))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N munt)			<-- NP THERE
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (NPR caluarie)))
                      (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (ADV +ter))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO$ ure) (NPR lauerd))
                                      (VBD hongede))))
              (, .)
              (BED wes)
              (NP-OB1 (D +te) (N kwalm) (N stouwe)		<-- NP THERE
                      (CP-REL (WADVP-2 (ADV +ter))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
                                              (VBD lei+gen)
                                              (ADVP-TMP (ADV ofte))
                                              (NP-SBJ (NS licomes)
                                                      (RRC (VAN iroted)))
                                              (PP (P buuen)
                                                  (NP (N eor+de))))
                                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                             (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
                                                     (NP-SBJ *con*)
                                                     (VBD stunke)
                                                     (ADVP (ADV swi+de) (ADV fule)))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.84.1018))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO he)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C +tet)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                      (HVP haue+d)
                                      (NP-OB1 (D +tet) (N+N hors-hus)
                                              (CP-EOP (WNP-2 0)
                                                      (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
                                                              (TO te)
                                                              (VB witene)))))))
              (, ;)
              (MD scal)
              (ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter)				<-- THERE THERE
                        (, .)
                        (CP-REL (WADVP-3 (ADV +ter))
                                (C 0)
                                (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-3)
                                        (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
                                        (BEP is)
                                        (ADJP (ADJ ful)))))
              (, ;)
              (VB makien)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
                      (ADJP (ADJ clene)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMLAMB1,85.212))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBD bare)
              (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
              (PP (P to)
                  (NP (NPR Vortiger)))
              (ADVP-LOC (ADV +tere)				<-- THERE THAT
                        (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
                                (C +tat)
                                (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                                        (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                        (VBD duellede))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMBRUT3,48.1453))

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter)				<-- THERE AS
                        (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
                                (C as)
                                (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                                        (NP-SBJ (D +tis) (N water))
                                        (BEP is))))
              (, .)
              (ADVP (ADV sikerliche))
              (NP-SBJ (D +te) (NPR feont))
              (VBP fli+d)
              (PP (P leoste)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                  (BEP beo)
                                  (VAN (VAN21 for) (VAN22 schalded)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.180.2535))

    (NODE (IP-INF (TO to)
                  (BE be)
                  (ADVP-LOC (ADV $there)			<-- THERE AS
                            (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
                                    (C $as)
                                    (CODE {TEXT:thereas})
                                    (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                                            (NP-SBJ (D the) (NPR Sankgreall))
                                            (BED was)))))
          (ID CMMALORY,660.4639))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N sonne) (N beem))
              (VBD bare)
              (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
              (NP-MSR (ADJ longe) (N tyme))
              (, ,)
              (ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (ADV +tere))	<-- THERE
                                (C 0)
                                (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                                        (NP-SBJ (OTHER o+tere) (NS servauntes))
                                        (VBD faillede))))
              (E_S ;))
      (ID CMPOLYCH,VI,181.1300))

#### Reduced relative clauses (`RRC`)

| Reduced relatives (`RRC`) headed by participles are not always easy to distinguish from participial clauses (`IP-PPL`) (see below for some discussion). It is wise in searches for one category to include the other.

Reduced relatives ("wh+is" deletion) are labelled `RRC` (= reduced relative clause). They can be restrictive or non-restrictive, but almost always immediately follow their antecedent. RRCs contain no operator or gap, except for RRCs containing a small clause with a subject gap. In this case, a placeholder for the subject (which in a full relative clause would contain the trace of the wh- word) is added in order to make clear the structure. The verb, if present, is a present or past participle.

    (NODE (NP (D the) (N castell)
              (RRC (VAN called)
                   (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)		<-- small clause with subject placeholder
                           (NP-OB1 (NPR Camelot)))
                   (PP (P in)
                       (NP (D tho) (NS dayes)))))
          (ID CMMALORY,45.1488))

    (NODE (NP (D a) (N fygure)
              (RRC (VAG stondynge)
                   (PP (P aboven)
                       (NP (PRO them)))
                   (PP (P with)
                       (NP (D a) (N swerde)
                           (RRC (VAN drawyn)
                                (PP (P in)
                                    (NP (PRO$ hys) (N honde))))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,59.1953))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ nethir)
                  (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ greet) (N flood)
                          (RRC (VAG distriynge)
                               (NP-OB1 (Q al) (NPR erthe))))
                  (MD schal)
                  (BE be)
                  (ADJP (ADJR more))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMOTEST,IX,1G.350))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (PP (ADV+P thereby))
              (PP (P undir)
                  (NP (D a) (N cloth)))
              (VBD stood)
              (NP-SBJ (D an)
                      (N horse)
                      (RRC (ADVP (ADV well))
                           (VAN (VAN sadeled) (CONJ and) (VAN brydyled))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,37.1191))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ For)
              (NP-SBJ (D a) (N candyll)
                      (RRC (VAG brennyng)))
              (VBP bytokenyth)
              (NP-OB1 (NP (PRO$ oure) (NPR lady))
                      (, ,)
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (NP (NP (PRO$ hor) (N sonne))
                                 (, ,)
                                 (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                        (NP (D a) (N man)
                                            (NP-PRN (PRO+N hymselfe)))))))
              (E_S ;))
      (ID CMMIRK,60.1636))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (BED was)
              (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ good) (N man)
                      (RRC (VAN named)
                           (PP (P of)
                               (NP (PRO$ his) (N body)))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,46.1527))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
                  (NP-SBJ (D this) (ADJ same) (N lady))
                  (BED was)
                  (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJS untrwyste) (N lady)
                          (RRC (VAG lyvynge)))
                  (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,49.1623))

    (NODE (IP-MAT-1 (CONJ And)
                    (ADVP-TMP (ADV +ter))
                    (, ,)
                    (NP-VOC (N suster))
                    (, ,)
                    (PP (P at)
                        (NP (D+ADJ +tylke) (ADJ gostly) (N breedale)))
                    (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
                    (MD mi+gt)
                    (VB $vnderfonge)
                    (NP-OB1 (PRO$ +tyn) (N husbounde)
                            (RRC (VAN i+gyue)
                                 (PP (P of)
                                     (NP (D +te) (NPR Fader))))))
          (ID CMAELR3,42.449))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
              (BED were)
              (NP-OB1 (NS messyngers)
                      (PP (P unto)
                          (NP (NPR kyng) (NPR Ban)
                              (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                     (NX (NPR Bors)))))
                      (RRC (VAN isente)
                           (PP (P frome)
                               (NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,15.459))

    (NODE (NP (D +te) (N contre)			<-- non-verbal RRC
              (RRC (RP about)))
          (, ,)
          (ID CMBRUT3,226.4095))

    (NODE (IP-PPL (VAG sitting)
                  (PP (P in)
                      (NP (D a) (N tunne)
                          (RRC (ADVP-TMP (ADV euyr))
                               (ADVP (ADJ open)
                                     (PP (P to)
                                         (NP (D +te) (N sunne))))))))
          (ID CMCAPCHR,41.292))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
                  (VBP make)
                  (NP-OB1 (Q ony) (N gadering))
                  (PP (P in)
                      (NP (N coumfort)
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (NPR Richard)
                                  (, ,)
                                  (RRC (NP-TMP (Q+N sumtyme))
                                       (NP-OB1 (N kyng))))))))
          (ID CMCAPCHR,215.3858))

    (NODE (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO ou)
                          (NP-PRN (Q alle) (NUM +treo) (NS wimmen))
                          (RRC (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
                               (ADJP (ADJS leouest))))
                  (, .)
                  (VB hongen)
                  (, .)
                  (PP (P on)
                      (NP (D an) (N gibet)))
                  (IP-INF-PRP (FOR for)
                              (TO to)
                              (VB (VB21 wi+d) (VB22 buwe))
                              (NP-OB1 (N sunne))))
          (ID CMANCRIW,II.92.1099))

As mentioned earlier, reduced relatives are not always easy to distinguish from participial clauses (`IP-PPL`). We apply the following rules:

- Generally, a participial clause immediately following a subject NP is labelled `RRC` unless it clearly describes an action that takes place simultaneously with that of the main verb.
- Participials following object NPs are always labelled `RRC` except following verbs of perception when the participial describes an action taking place simultaneously with that of the main verb.
- Participials in other positions are always labelled `IP-PPL` except when they can only be interpreted as restrictive on the subject.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ (NPR Ser) (NPR Robert) (NPR Morle`)
                      (RRC *ICH*-1))
              (PP (P at)
                  (NP (N comaundment)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (D +te) (N kyng)))))
              (CODE <paren>)
              (RRC-1 (ADVP-TMP (ADV +tan))		<-- extraposed RRC
                     (NP-OB1 (N keper)
                             (PP (P of)
                                 (NP (D +te) (NPR Towre)))))
              (CODE lt;paren>)
              (VBD broute)
              (NP-OB1 (D +tis) (N knyte)
                      (NP-PRN (NPR Oldcastell)))
              (PP (P onto)
                  (NP (D +te) (N presens)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (D +tese) (NS bischoppis)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMCAPCHR,240.3939))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
                  (NP-SBJ (D an) (N angel))
                  (, ,)
                  (IP-PPL (VAG entryngge)		<-- IP-PPL, not RRC
                          (PP (P in-to)
                              (NP (N prysoun))))
                  (, ,)
                  (VBD turnede)
                  (NP-OB1 (N derknesse))
                  (PP (P in-to)
                      (NP (N li+gt))))
          (ID CMAELR3,28.74))

#### Clause-adjoined relatives (`CP-CAR`)

Ordinary relative clauses are either contained in their antecedent or leave a trace there. Relative clauses for which this is not the case are given a separate category: clause-adjoined relatives `CP-CAR`. This class includes continuative relatives, where the relative clause refers back to the entire clause or to the VP, as well as all relative clauses with a wh- modified nominal associated with an NP in the clause. Some of the latter may in fact be matrix clauses with a preposed wh- phrase functioning as a topicalized constituent, but we do not attempt to distinguish the two cases. Clause-adjoined relatives are IP constituents and not included in the brackets of any antecedent. All WHEREFORE clauses are treated as clause-adjoined relatives.

Occasionally, an NP associated with a clause-adjoined relative is separated from it by one or more clauses. In this case, the clause-adjoined relative forms a token on its own.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBD gaff)
              (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
              (NP-OB2 (NPR kynge) (NPR Lotte))
              (, ,)
              (CP-CAR (WPP-1 (WADV+P whereof))			<-- continuative relative
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
                              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                              (VBD seyde)
                              (QTP (INTJ gramercy))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,21.663))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +Tis) (N vertu)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (N meknesse))))
              (BEP is)
              (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ sur) (N fundement)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (Q alle) (N maner)
                              (NP-COM (NS vertues)))))
              (, ,)
              (CP-CAR (WPP-1 (P whit-oute)
                             (WNP (WD which) (N fundement)))	<-- wh- modified nominal
                      (C 0)
                      (, ,)
                      (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
                              (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-2 (WPRO what) (ADV so) (ADV euere))
                                              (C 0)
                                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
                                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
                                                      (MD wylt)
                                                      (ADVP (ADV gostly))
                                                      (VB reyse)
                                                      (RP vp))))
                              (, ,)
                              (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO hit))
                              (VBP falle+t)
                              (RP doun)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMAELR3,32.181))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (PP (ADV+P therfore))
              (BEP is)
              (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO he))
              (VAN clepid)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
                      (NP-OB1 (FW solsticium)
                              (PP (P of)
                                  (NP (N somer)))))
              (, ;)
              (CP-CAR (WNP-2 (WD which) (N declinacioun))		<-- wh- modified nominal
                      (C 0)
                      (, ,)
                      (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
                              (PP (P after)
                                  (NP (NPR Ptholome)))
                              (, ,)
                              (BEP is)
                              (NP-OB1 (NP (NUM 23) (NS degrees))
                                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                             (NP (NUM 50) (NS minutes))))
                              (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV wel)
                                    (PP *ICH*-3))
                              (PP (P in)
                                  (NP (NPR Cancer)))
                              (PP-3 (P as)
                                    (PP (P in)
                                        (NP (NPR Capricorn))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMASTRO,666.C2.107))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV thenne))
              (BED was)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VAN enterid)
              (PP (P as)
                  (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                  (NP-SBJ *exp*)
                                  (VBD longed)
                                  (PP (P to)
                                      (NP (D a) (N kyng))))))
              (, ,)
              (CP-CAR (WPP-2 (WADV+P wherfor))			<-- WHEREFORE
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
                              (NP-SBJ
                                      (NP (D the) (N quene)
                                          (, ,)
                                          (NP-PRN (ADJ fayre) (NPR Igrayne)))
                                      (CONJP *ICH*-3))
                              (, ,)
                              (VBD made)
                              (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N sorowe))
                              (CONJP-3 (CONJ and)
                                       (NP (Q alle) (D the) (NS barons)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,7.182))

When the wh- phrase introducing the clause-adjoined relative has no evident relation to the body of the clause, the wh- trace is labelled `NP-ADT`.

    (NODE (CP-CAR (WNP-1 (D the) (WPRO which))
                  (C 0)
    	      (IP-SUB (NP-ADT *T*-1)
    		      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
    		      (VBP marvell)
    		      (ADVP (ADV greatly))
    		      (CP-THT (C that)
    			      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
    				      (HVP have)
    				      (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N word))
    			     	      (PP (P from)
    					  (NP (PRO you)))))))
          (ID APLUMPT,186.92))

    (NODE (CP-CAR (WNP-2 (WPRO which))
    	      (C 0)
    	      (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-ADT *T*-2)
    			      (CODE <paren>)
    			      (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (NPR God))
    				          (BEP be)
    					  (VAN thanked))
    	    		      (CODE <$$paren>)
    			      (NP-SBJ (PRO they)
    				      (QP (Q all)))
       			      (VBD recouered))
    		      (CONJP (CONJ and)
    			     (IP-SUB (NP-ADT *T*-2)
    				     (NP-SBJ *con*)
    				     (BED were)
    				     (ADVP (ADV well))
    				     (VAN cured)))))
          (ID COVERTE,18.120))

#### Free relatives (`CP-FRL`)

- Wh- free relatives
  - AS free relatives
  - WHETHER free relatives
  - Verb fronting in free relative clauses (COME WHAT MAY)
- Non-wh free relatives
  - +TE/THAT free relatives
  - THERE/THEN free relatives

Internally, free relative clauses are treated in the same way as indirect questions or ordinary relative clauses. A wh- position and a complementizer position are included in every case. The wh- position may be filled by a wh- word or a th- word. Externally, free relatives are bracketed by function (as subjects, objects, complements of prepositions, adverb phrases, etc.). The basic category enclosing the free relative is identical with the gap in the free relative, but the dash tags on the two categories may differ. This is particularly common with free relative clauses containing `WNP`. Internally, the `WNP` is generally coindexed with an argument trace, but externally, the entire free relative often has a non-argument function (`NP-ADT`, `NP-ADV`, `NP-LFD`).

#### Wh- free relatives

    (NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-VOC (ADJ faire) (NS sires))
                      (, ,)
                      (NP-SBJ (PRO y))
                      (MD wil)
                      (VB go)
                      (PP (P wi+t)
                          (NP (PRO +tow)))
                      (ADVP-DIR (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (WADV+ADV+ADV whider-so-euer))
                                        (C 0)
                                        (IP-SUB (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
                                                (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
                                                (NP-OB1 (PRO me))
                                                (VBP lede)))))
          (ID CMBRUT3,217.3893))

    (NODE (IP-IMP-SPE (VBI Withdraw)
                      (ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV where))
                                            (C 0)
                                            (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                                                        (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                                        (VBP lyste)))))
          (ID CMMALORY,29.912))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
                  (PP (P Be)
                      (NP (PRO$ my) (N feyth)))
                  (, ,)
                  (' ')
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
                              (NP-SBJ (NPR Arthure)))
                  (, ,)
                  (' ')
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                  (MD woll)
                  (VB gyff)
                  (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
                  (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WD what) (N gyffte))
                                  (C that)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                          (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                          (MD woll)
                                          (VB aske))))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,42.1380))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
                  (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO who))
                                  (C that)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                          (VBP holdeth)
                                          (PP (P ageynst)
                                              (NP (PRO it))))))
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
                  (MD wille)
                  (VB slee)
                  (NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hym))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,11.306))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO+ADV+ADV what-so-euere))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                      (DOD dide))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-SBJ-2 *exp*)
              (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
              (VBD thoughte)
              (CP-THT-2 (C 0)
                        (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                        (VBD stood))
                                (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
                                               (BED was)
                                               (VAN presented)
                                               (PP (P afore)
                                                   (NP (D the) (ADJ dredful) (N doom)))))))
              (E_S ;))
      (ID CMAELR4,13.356))

    ( (IP-MAT (VAN Iblessyd)
              (BEP is)
              (NP-SBJ (D +tat) (N man))
              (, ,)
              (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what) (ADV euere))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                      (BEP bee))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMAELR3,45.587))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
                  (PP (P Be)
                      (NP (PRO$ my) (N fayth)))
                  (, ,)
                  (' ')
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
                              (NP-SBJ (D the) (N knyght)))
                  (, ,)
                  (' ')
                  (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO+ADV+ADV whatsomever))
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                          (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                          (BEP be))))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                  (BEP ys)
                  (ADJP (ADJ un-happy))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,654.4421))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
                  (MD may)
                  (NP-TMP (Q na) (N tyme))
                  (VB forgete)
                  (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what) (ADV sa))
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                          (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
                                          (DOP (DOP dose)
                                               (CONJP (CONJ or)
                                                      (VBP says)))))))
          (ID CMROLLEP,105.683))

A free relative may function as a prepositional phrase in its matrix clause and be governed by a preposition that is also required to govern the wh- phrase within the free relative itself. Prepositions doing such double duty are bracketed within the free relative, as in the following examples.

    (NODE (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N lorde))
                  (MD woll)
                  (VB sle)
                  (NP-OB1 (PRO me))
                  (PP (CP-FRL (WPP-2 (P in)
                                     (WNP (WD what) (N place) (ADV+ADV somever)))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                      (VBP fyndith)
                                      (NP-OB1 (PRO me))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,662.4701))

    ( (IP-IMP (PP (CP-FRL (WPP-1 (P In)
                                 (WNP (WD what) (N dede) (ADV sam)))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
                                  (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                  (BEP be))))
              (, ,)
              (VBI loke)
              (CP-THT (C +tat)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NP (PRO$ yure) (N +toht))
                                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                             (NP (PRO$ +gure) (N herte))))
                              (BEP $be)
                              (PP (P to)
                                  (NP (NPR god)
                                      (ADJP (ADJ almihten))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMBENRUL,14.486))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (VBP cum+t)
                  (ADVP (ADV eft))
                  (NP-SBJ (NP (Q sum) (N euel))
                          (CONJP (CONJ o+der)
                                 (NP (Q sum) (N un+gelimp))))
                  (, ,)
                  (PP (CP-FRL (WPP-1 (P an)
                                     (WNP (NP-COM (WD hwil-ches) (N$ kennes))
                                          (N wise)))
                              (C +de)
                              (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
                                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV +aure))
                                      (VBP cum+t)))))
          (ID CMVICES1,29.317))

#### AS free relatives

AS clauses with a nominal gap that act as arguments of the matrix verb are treated as free relatives with a nominal empty operator and with AS filling the complementizer position.

    ( (IP-IMP-SPE (FP Only)
                  (DOI doo)
                  (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C as)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                          (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                                          (VBP say)
                                          (NP-OB2 (PRO +te)))))
                  (E_S :))
      (ID CMAELR3,50.784))

    ( (IP-IMP (DOI do)
              (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C as)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (D the) (N prophete))
                                      (VBP saith))))
              (E_S :))
      (ID CMAELR4,4.87))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
              (DOP do+d)
              (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C as)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                      (DOD dude)
                                      (IP-PPL (VAG honginde)
                                              (PP (P on)
                                                  (NP (NPR rode)))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.176.2461))

#### WHETHER free relatives

In free relatives, WHETHER is often used in its original meaning WHICH OF TWO, in which case it is tagged `WPRO` and dominated by `WNP`.

    ( (IP-IMP (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO hwe+der) (ADV se))	<-- WHICH OF TWO
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                      (DOP de+d))))
              (, ;)
              (VBI scarne+d)
              (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.182.2568))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-OB2 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO hwa+der)			<-- WHICH OF YOU TWO
                                     (NP-COM (PRO$ +gunker)))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                      (NP-OB1 (PRO hes))
                                      (VBP tobrec+d))))
              (, :)
              (NP-SBJ (LATIN (FW justicia) (FW dei)))
              (MD scall)
              (PP (ADVP (ADV +dar))
                  (P of))
              (DO don)
              (NP-OB1 (N riht))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMVICES1,95.1131))

#### Verb fronting in free relative clauses (COME WHAT MAY)

In adverbial free relatives of the type COME WHAT MAY, the fronted verb precedes the wh- position. Externally, these clauses are labelled as `NP-ADV`. If the verb is not repeated within the clause, it is coindexed with an `*ICH*` trace within the clause. If the verb is repeated, it is labelled as a left-dislocated (`-LFD`)element (even though a word rather than a phrase), and the copy of the verb within the clause is labelled as resumptive (`-RSP`).

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-OB1 (D +tis))
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
                  (VBP schawi+d)
                  (NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV nu))
                  (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (VB-2 sei)
                                  (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C +tt)
                                  (IP-SUB (VB *ICH*-2)
                                          (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                          (NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
                                          (MD wult)
                                          (ADVP-TMP (ADV nu)))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMKATHE,34.237))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
                  (NP-SBJ (D +tt))
                  (VBP stont)
                  (ADVP (ADV studeuest))
                  (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (VBP-LFD falle)
                                  (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C +tt)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                          (VBP-RSP falle))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMJULIA,124.520))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
                  (BEP am)
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV eauer))
                  (PP (P wi+d)
                      (NP (PRO +te)))
                  (, .)
                  (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (DOP-LFD do)
                                  (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C +tt)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                          (NP-SBJ (MAN me))
                                          (DOP-RSP do)
                                          (NP-OB2 (PRO +te)))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMKATHE,42.376))

#### Non-wh free relatives

#### +TE/THAT free relatives

See also SE +TE relatives.

In principle, relatives introduced by +TE or THAT alone are amenable to a free relative or an ordinary relative analysis, depending on whether +TE/THAT is taken as a complementizer or as an antecedent:

    (NP (CP-FRL (WNP 0))		<-- free relative analysis
                (C +te)
                (IP-SUB ...)))

    (NP (D +te)			<-- ordinary relative analysis
        (CP-REL (WNP 0)
                (C 0)
                (IP-SUB ...)))

Because it is difficult or impossible to decide for each case which analysis is correct, we uniformly treat all +TE/THAT relatives without an unambiguous antecedent as free relatives, with +TE/THAT as the complementizer, even though this may be the wrong analysis in some cases.

    ( (IP-IMP (CONJ and)
              (PP (P wit)
                  (NP (NP (ADJ depe) (NS si+g+gyngges))
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (NP (ADJ pytous) (N cryingge)))))
              (VBI cacche)
              (PP (P of)
                  (NP (PRO hym)))
              (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C +tat)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
                                      (VBP coueytest))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMAELR3,43.496))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C +tt)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N mu+d))
                                      (NEG ne)
                                      (MD mei)
                                      (VB *)
                                      (PP (P for)
                                          (NP (N scheome))))))
              (, .)
              (NP-SBJ (D +te) (ADJ licht) (N ech+ge))
              (VBP speke+d)
              (NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hit)))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.49.459))

    ( (IP-IMP (CONJ &)
              (VBI +tonke)
              (NP-OB2 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                      (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
                                      (VBD sende)
                                      (NP-OB2 (PRO +te)))))
              (, .)
              (PP (P +Tach)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR god))
                                  (NEG ne)
                                  (MD cunne)
                                  (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
                                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV neauer))
                                  (VB +tonc)
                                  (PP (P of)
                                      (NP (PRO$ his) (N sonde))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.102.1244))

#### THERE/THEN free relatives

See also THERE relatives.

Relatives introduced by THERE/THEN alone (without a complementizer) are treated as free relatives with THERE/THEN filling the wh- position. Examples with THERE are far more common than ones with THEN.

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO$ +ti) (N shape))
              (DOD dide)
              (, .)
              (NP-OB1 (NP (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C +tat)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                          (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
                                          (NEG ne)
                                          (MD sholde)
                                          (VB *))))
                      (, .)
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL (WADVP-2 (ADV +ter)) <--- THERE
                                               (C 0)
                                               (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
                                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
                                                       (NEG ne)
                                                       (MD sholde)
                                                       (VB *)))))
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (ADVP-TMP (CP-FRL (WADVP-3 (ADV +tenne)) <--- THEN
                                               (C 0)
                                               (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-3)
                                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
                                                       (NEG ne)
                                                       (MD sholde)
                                                       (VB *))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMTRINIT,67.910))

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (ADV +ter))
                                (C 0)
                                (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                                        (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                        (HVD hadde)
                                        (BEN ibe)
                                        (VAG (VAG blaberynge) (CONJ and) (VAG chaterynge)))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VBD took)
              (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
              (PP (P to)
                  (NP (N silence)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMAELR3,32.158))

#### IT clefts (`CP-CLF`)

Internally, IT clefts have the same structure as relative clauses, but externally, they are daughters of IP.

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
                  (BEP beo+d)
                  (NP-OB1 (NS deoflen))
                  (CP-CLF (WNP-2 0)
                          (C +tt)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
                                  (PP (P in)
                                      (NP (PRO ham)))
                                  (VBP dearie+de))))
          (ID CMKATHE,27.136))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
                  (BED was)
                  (NP-OB1 (PRO I)
                          (NP-PRN (PRO$+N myself)))
                  (CP-CLF-SPE (WNP-1 0)
                              (C that)
                              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                          (VBD cam)
                                          (PP (P in)
                                              (NP (D the) (N lykenesse)))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,5.131))

#### Infinitival clauses (`IP-INF`)

- Infinitival complements
  - Infinitival complements of verbs
  - Infinitival complements of nouns
  - Infinitival complements of adjectives
  - Infinitival complements of prepositions
  - Infinitive for finite clause (see Absolute clauses)
  - ECM versus object control
  - Extraposed infinitival complements
  - Extraction out of infinitives
- Infinitival subjects (`IP-INF-SBJ`)
  - Infinitival subjects in situ
  - Extraposed infinitival subjects
- Wh- infinitives
  - Infinitival questions
  - Infinitival relatives
  - Infinitival free relatives
- TOUGH movement complements (`CP-TMC`)
- Degree infinitives (`CP-DEG, IP-INF-DEG`)
  - Degree infinitives with a gap (`CP-DEG`)
  - Degree infinitives without a gap (`IP-INF-DEG`)
- Purpose infinitives (`CP-EOP, IP-INF-PRP`)
  - Purpose/relative infinitives (`CP-EOP`)
  - Purpose infinitives without a gap (`IP-INF-PRP`)
- Infinitival adjuncts (`IP-INF-ADT`)

Infinitives serve as the complements of verbs, nouns, adjectives, and prepositions. We do not distinguish between raising and control, and subjects of infinitives are ordinarily not indicated, with the following exceptions:

- when the subject is extracted out of the clause
- in the complements of ECM verbs
- in purpose/relative infinitives

In line with our general principles, when the infinitive clause is an argument of a verb, there is no bracketing to indicate its relation to the governing predicate. The same is true when the infinitive is a complement of a complex predicate. But infinitives that are complements of a noun or an adjective are bracketed together with the governing word.

#### Infinitival complements

#### Infinitival complements of verbs

    ( (IP-MAT (PP (ADV+P Therwithalle))
              (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Ector))
              (VBD assayed)
              (IP-INF (TO to)
                      (VB pulle)
                      (RP oute)
                      (NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerd))))
      (ID CMMALORY,9.257))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ For)
                  (NP-SBJ (Q many) (D a) (N man))
                  (VBP wenyth)
                  (IP-INF (TO to)
                          (VB put)
                          (NP-OB1 (PRO$ hys) (N enemy))
                          (PP (P to)
                              (NP (D a) (N rebuke))))
                  (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,51.1693))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
                  (BED weren)
                  (VAN warnede)
                  (IP-INF (TO to)
                          (VB amenden)
                          (NP-OB1 (PRO hem))
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (PRO$ here) (N lyf)))))
          (ID CMWYCSER,225.46))

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Thenne))
              (BED was)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
              (ADVP (ADV sore))
              (VAN abasshed)
              (IP-INF (TO to)
                      (VB yeve)
                      (NP-OB1 (N ansuer)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,5.122))

#### Infinitival complements of nouns

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VBD asked)
              (NP-OB2 (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
              (NP-OB1 (N licence)
                      (IP-INF (IP-INF (TO to)
                                      (VB ryde)
                                      (PP (P afftir)
                                          (NP (NPR Balyne))))
                              (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                     (IP-INF (TO to)
                                             (VB revenge)
                                             (NP-OB1 (D the) (N despite)
                                                     (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                                             (C that)
                                                             (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                                                     (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                                                     (HVD had)
                                                                     (DON done))))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,50.1653))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                  (HVP have)
                  (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N wyll)
                          (IP-INF (TO to)
                                  (BE be)
                                  (VAN slayne)
                                  (, ,)
                                  (PP (P as)
                                      (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
                                              (C 0)
                                              (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO$ youre) (N fadir))
                                                      (BED was)
                                                      (PP (P thorow)
                                                          (NP (N outerageousnes)))
                                                      (VAN slayne)))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,658.4553))

#### Infinitival complements of adjectives

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Marie))
              (NEG ne)
              (VBD ran)
              (NEG not)
              (ADVP-DIR (ADV hyder) (CONJ and)  (ADV +tyder))
              (, ,)
              (ADJP-SPR (ADJ bisy)
                        (IP-INF (TO to)
                                (VB vnderfonge)
                                (NP-OB1 (NS gystes))))
              (E_S ;))
      (ID CMAELR3,36.308))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Balyn))
                  (BED was)
                  (ADJP (ADJ redy)
                        (IP-INF (TO to)
                                (VB departe))))
          (ID CMMALORY,49.1609))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
                  (ADVP (ADV ellis))
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                  (MD wolde)
                  (HV have)
                  (BEN bene)
                  (ADJP (ADJ lothe)
                        (PP (P as)
                            (NP (Q ony) (N knyght)
                                (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                        (C that)
                                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                                (VBP lyvith)))))
                        (IP-INF (FOR for)
                                (TO to)
                                (VB sle)
                                (NP-OB1 (D a) (N lady))))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,51.1701))

#### Infinitival complements of prepositions

Infinitival complements of prepositions with overt subjects are labelled `IP-ABS` in the PPCME2, but `IP-INF` in the PPCEME/PCEEC.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
    	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV euer) (ADV after))
    	  (NP-SBJ (NPR Jack) (NPR Oates))
    	  (MD could)
    	  (NEG not)
    	  (VB endure)
    	  (IP-INF (TO to)
    		  (VB heare)
    		  (NP-OB1 (Q any)
    			  (N talke)
    			  (PP (P of)
    			      (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D+OTHER another) (N foole))	<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
    				      (TO to)
    				      (BE be)
    				      (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))))))
    	  (. ,))
      (ID ARMIN,11.120))

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Now))
    	  (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
    	  (MD shall)
    	  (VB hear)
    	  (PP (P of)
    	      (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (Q some) (NS Stirs))		<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
    		      (TO to)
    		      (BE be)
    		      (VAN raised)
    		      (PP (P in)
    			  (CODE <font>)
    			  (NP (NPR Scotland)))))
    	  (CODE <$$font>)
    	  (. .))
      (ID RALEIGH,I,213.C1.355))

    ( (PP-LFD (P If)
              (CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
    		      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (NUM thre) (CONJ or) (NUM foure))
    				  (DOP do)
    				  (VB (VB talke) (, ,) (VB deuise) (, ,) (CONJ and) (VB conspire))
    				  (ADVP (ADV togither))
    				  (PP (P of)
    				      (IP-INF-SPE (NP-SBJ (D a) (ADJ trayterous) (N Acte))	<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
    						  (TO to)
    						  (BE be)
    						  (DAN done))))))
      (ID THROCKM,I,73.C1.535))

#### ECM versus object control

The verbs on the following list (henceforth, "inherent ECM verbs") are always treated as taking an ECM complement (that is, a clausal complement with a subject position).

> BID, DO, GAR, HAVE, HEAR, HOT(AN), LET, MAKE, SEE

Here, we focus on `IP-INF` complements; analogous cases in which the clause is headed by a gerund (`VAG`, etc.) rather than an infinitive (`VB`, etc.) are treated under Participial clauses (`IP-PPL`).

The inherent ECM verbs are the verbs that (in Middle English) allow an arbitrary empty subject with an active complement infinitive where Modern English would use a passive infinitive (I HEAR SAY vs. I HEAR IT SAID). The infinitival complements of such verbs in the active always contain a subject position in the annotation, filled either by an ordinary overt subject, by (`NP-SBJ *arb*`) (as in the examples below), or by the trace of A-movement (when the matrix verb is in the passive).

| DO undergoes a change in the history of English from causative to periphrastic, and so the default treatment of ambiguous cases differs in the PPCME2 and in the PPCEME/PCEEC.

    ( (IP-MAT (ALSO Also)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (DOD dud)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
                      (VB wryte)
                      (NP-OB1 (Q all) (D the) (NS batayles)
                              (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                      (C that)
                                      (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                              (NP-SBJ (Q every) (ADJ worthy) (N knyght)
                                                      (PP *ICH*-2))
                                              (DOD ded)
                                              (PP-2 (P of)
                                                    (NP (NPR$ Arthurs) (N courte)))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,29.935))

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Then))
              (NP-SBJ (NPR Seynt) (NPR Andraw))
              (VBD made)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
                      (TO to)
                      (VB gedyr)
                      (NP-OB1 (PRO hom))
                      (ADVP (ADV togedyr)))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMIRK,8.197))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D This) (NPR Kyng) (NPR Pandras))
              (VBD herde)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
                      (VB speke)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (NP (PRO$ his) (N goodnesse))
                              (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                     (NP (PRO$ his) (NS condicions))))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMBRUT3,6.137))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBD het)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV biliue))
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
                      (VB bringin)
                      (NP-OB1 (PRO hire))
                      (PP (P biforen)
                          (NP (PRO him))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMARGA,58.56))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBP lette)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
                      (VB calle)
                      (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
                              (NP-OB1 (NPR Hubbeslaw))))
              (E_S ;))
      (ID CMBRUT3,109.3314))

    ( (IP-MAT (PP (P Efter)
                  (NP (D +tt)))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VBD wende)
              (IP-INF (FOR+TO forte)
                      (HV habben)
                      (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
                              (DO idon)
                              (NP-OB1 (Q al)
                                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                              (C +tt)
                                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                                      (VBD wilnede))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMJULIA,98.41))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
              (ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
              (MD schule)
              (VB seon)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
                      (VB buncin)
                      (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
                      (PP (P wi+d)
                          (NP (NP-POS (D +teose) (NPR$ deosles))
                              (NS betles)))
                      (, .)
                      (CP-ADV (C +tt)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N wa)
                                              (NP-COM *ICH*-1))
                                      (BEP bi+d)
                                      (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
                                      (NP-COM-1 (PRO$ hise) (N$ liues))))))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.142.1915))

Inherent ECM verbs overwhelmingly take bare infinitive complements, but there are scattered examples with TO infinitive complements for most of them.

    ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q nane)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (D +teos))))
              (NEG ne)
              (VBP makie)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
                      (TO to)
                      (VB forwurden)
                      (, .)
                      (NP-OB1 (N weole))
                      (ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter)
                                (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
                                        (C ase)
                                        (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                                                (NP-SBJ (Q muchel))
                                                (BEP is))))))
      (ID CMHALI,150.319))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 (N Pine))
              (BEP is)
              (ADVP-LOC (Q+WADV ihwer))
              (DAN idon)
              (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *-1)
                      (NP-SBJ *arb*)
                      (TO to)
                      (VB (VB21 vnder) (VB22 stonden))
                      (PP (P +turch)
                          (NP (N cros))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.41.361))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBD lete)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
                      (NP-OB1 (PRO ham))
                      (TO to)
                      (VB norisshe))
              (E_S ;))
      (ID CMBRUT3,49.1472))

Verbs other than inherent ECM verbs are treated as control verbs or as licensing ECM complements depending on the syntactic context in which they occur. The following list of such verbs is intended to be representative, not exhaustive.

> account, accuse, acknowledge, adjudge, affirm, allow, annal, appoint, approve, assert, behold, believe, boast, cause, command, compute, conceive, conclude, confess, conjecture, consider, count, declare, deem (nonlegal; see below for legal sense), denominate, deny, design, desire, determine, discern, discover, doubt, enable, espy, esteem, evince, fable, fancy, fear, feel, feign, find, forbid, form, get, grant, guess, hold, imagine, intend, interpret, judge (nonlegal; see below for legal sense), keep, know, leave, manifest, mean, note, number, observe, order, own, perceive, prefer, pretend, procure, profess, pronounce, prove, provoke, publish, reckon, relate, remember, report, represent, repute, say, show, spy, suffer, suppose, suspect, swear, take, think, understand, view, warrant, will, wish

Verbs other than inherent ECM verbs are treated as control verbs whenever the postverbal noun phrase can be interpreted as controlling the action or state denoted by the complement predicate. The verbs CONDEMN, DEEM, and JUDGE (in their legal sense) are always treated as control predicates. Their negative force seems to require this analysis.

Verbs that are not inherent ECM verbs are treated as licensing an ECM complement in the following cases. (Again, we focus here on `IP-INF`; the analogous `IP-PPL` cases are treated under Participial clauses.)

- when the postverbal noun phrase is an expletive expression (IT, THERE, weather IT, idiom chunk)
- when the postverbal noun phrase refers to an inanimate (or at least nonhuman) entity
- when the complement infinitive is a passive verb
- when the complement infinitive is a copular verb

Our rule undoubtedly misclassifies some cases but has the virtue of being applicable in a reasonably objective way. As is well known, the ECM construction with verbs other than inherent ECM verbs rises sharply in the transition from Middle English to Modern English. Users interested in this development and, more generally, in the distinction between ECM and object control will need to examine the relevant sentences in detail for themselves.

    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
            (VBP bryng)
    	(IP-INF (NP-SBJ=1 (PRO it))			<-- expletive subject
      	        (TO to)
    		(VB passe)
    		(, ,)
    		(CP-THT-1 (C that)
    		          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N yomanry))
    				  (BEP be)
    				  (NEG not)
    				  (ADJP (ADJ able)
    				        (IP-INF (TO to)
    					        (VB put)
    						(NP-OB1 (PRO$ their) (NS sonnes))
    						(PP (P to)
    						    (NP (N schole))))))))
      (LATIMER,41L.212))

    (CP-QUE (WADVP-2 (WADV where))
            (C 0)
            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
    		(VBP will)
    		(IP-INF (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
    			(NP-SBJ (PRO$ your)		<-- nonhuman subject
    			        (NS horses))
    			(TO to)
    			(VB come)
    			(PP (P to)
    			    (NP (PRO you))))))))))
    	  (. .))
      (ID APLUMPT,184.82))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N President))
    	  (VBD commanded)
    	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his)			<-- nonhuman subject
     		          (ADJ own)
    			  (CODE <font>)
    			  (N Baloon)
    			  (CODE <$$font>)
    			  (CODE <paren>)
    			  (NP-PRN (D a)
    			          (N Barge)
    				  (PP (P of)
    				      (CODE <P_I,183>)
     				      (NP (N State)))
    				      (, ,)
    				      (PP (P of)
    					  (NP (NUMP (NUM Two) (CONJ and) (NUM twenty))
    					      (NS Oars)))))
    		  (CODE <$$paren>)
    		  (TO to)
    		  (VB attend)
    		  (NP-OB1 (PRO me))))
      (ID FRYER,I,183.7))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VBD commanded)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hem))
                      (TO to)
                      (BE bene)
                      (ADVP (ADV wor+tely))
                      (VAN seruede))			<-- passive verb
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMBRUT3,82.2486))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (PP (P for)
                  (NP (D +tis) (N erroure)))
              (NP-SBJ (NPR God))
              (VBD suffered)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO him))
                      (FOR for) (TO to)
                      (BE be)
                      (VAN (VAN take) (CONJ and) (VAN led))	<-- passive verb
                      (PP (P into)
                          (NP (NPR Babilonie))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMCAPCHR,37.175))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
              (, ,)
              (IP-PPL (VAG desyryng)
                      (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N werk)
                                      (PP (P of)
                                          (NP (NPR God))))
                              (TO to)
                              (BE be)
                              (VAN magnyfyed)))		<-- passive verb
              (, ,)
              (VBD gat)
              (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
              (NP-OB1 (D +te) (ADJ same) (N ston)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C +tat)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                      (VBD fel)
                                      (PP (P up-on)
                                          (NP (PRO$ hir) (N bakke)))))))
      (ID CMKEMPE,22.462))

    ( (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBD thretyd)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hir))
                      (TO to)
                      (BE be)
                      (VAN brent)))				<-- passive verb
      (ID CMKEMPE,33.731))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO sche))
              (VBD desyred)
              (PP (P in)
                  (QP (ADVR as) (Q meche)
                      (PP (P as)
                          (CP-ADV (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO sche))
                                          (MD durst)
                                          (VB *))))))
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (Q alle) (NS men))
                      (TO to)
                      (BE be)
                      (VAN sauyd))				<-- passive verb
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMKEMPE,144.3340))

    ( (IP-SUB (PP *T*-4)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
              (VBD chose)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N prince))
                      (FOR for)
                      (TO to)
                      (BE be)				<-- copula
                      (NP-OB1 (N kyng))))
      (ID CMCAPCHR,153.3594))

    ( (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
              (NP-SBJ (NPR godd))
              (VBD scheop)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (SUCH swuch) (N +ting))
                      (TO to)
                      (BE beonne)))				<-- copula
      (ID CMHALI,133.77))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (PP (P whan)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                                  (VBD com)
                                  (PP (P to)
                                      (NP (NPR Benwyke))))))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
              (VBD fortuned)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (Q both) (D the) (NS kynges)
                              (NP-PRN *ICH*-1))
                      (BE be)				<-- copula
                      (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
                      (, ,)
                      (NP-PRN-1 (NPR Ban) (CONJ and) (NPR Bors)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,16.476))

    ( (IP-MAT (ALSO Also)
              (NP-SBJ (NS men)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (NPR Gabaon))))
              (VBD feyneden)
              (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hem))
                      (TO to)
                      (BE be)				<-- copula
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (ADJ fer) (N cuntre))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMPURVEY,I,9.302))

#### Extraposed infinitival complements

Extraposed infinitival clauses are coindexed with an `*ICH*` trace in the usual way.

    ( (IP-IMP (NP-VOC (N Suster))
              (, ,)
              (BEI be)
              (ADJP (ADJ glad)
                    (IP-INF *ICH*-1))
              (PP (P wit)
                  (NP (Q al) (PRO$ +tyn) (N herte)))
              (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
                        (BE be)
                        (PP (P at)
                            (NP (D +tis) (N feste))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMAELR3,44.542))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
                  (ADJP (ADJ lothe)
                        (IP-INF *ICH*-1))
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                  (BED were)
                  (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
                            (VB sle)
                            (NP-OB1 (PRO the)))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,200.3149))

#### Extraction out of infinitives

Extraction out of infinitives is treated in the usual way. A-movement (passivization) out of an infinitive is indicated by an (`NP-SBJ *`) trace coindexed with the moved NP.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
    	  (ALSO allso)
    	  (NP-SBJ (NPR Capt.)
    		  (NPR Courtney)
    		  (, ,)
    		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO w=ch=))
    			  (C 0)
    			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 *T*-1)
    				  (BED was)
    				  (VAN reported)
    				  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *-2)
    					  (TO to)
    					  (BE be)
    					  (VAN killed)))))
    	  (, ,)
    	  (BEP is)
    	  (PP (PP (P+N alive))
    	      (CONJP (CONJ and)
    		     (ADJP (ADJ well))))
    	  (. .))
      (ID RHADDSR-1670,21.50))

As usual, wh- movement out of an infinitive is indicated by a `*T*` trace that is coindexed with the moved constituent.

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Sir) (NPR William))
    	  (, ,)
    	  (IP-PPL (NEG not)
    		  (VAG knowing)
    		  (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
    			  (IP-INF (ADVP *T*-1)
    				  (TO to)
    				  (VB amend)
    				  (NP-OB1 (D the) (N matter)))))
    	  (, ,)
    	  (VBD caused)
    	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D the)
    			  (N piper)
    			  (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
    		  (TO to)
    		  (BE be)
    		  (VAN carried)
    		  (PP (P to)
    		      (NP (N bed)))
    		  (, ,)
    		  (CP-REL-2 (WNP-3 (WPRO who))
    			    (C 0)
    			    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
    				    (BED was)
    				    (ADJP (ADV very) (ADJ ill)))))
    	  (. ,))
      (ID ARMIN,10.81))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
    	  (BED was)
    	  (VAN told)
    	  (NP-TMP (D this) (N day))
    	  (CP-THT (C that)
    		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS heralds))
    			  (HVD had)
    			  (ADVP-TMP (ADV yet))
    			  (NP-OB1 (D a)
    				  (N quarter)
    				  (PP (P of)
    				      (NP (PRO$ their) (N work)))
    				  (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
    					  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
    						  (TO to)
    						  (DO do))))))
    	  (. :))
      (ID ANHATTON,2,212.16))

Finally, A-bar movement other than wh- movement (topicalization, scrambling, etc.) out of an infinitive is indicated by an `*ICH*` trace that is coindexed with the moved constituent.

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-1 (D that) (ADJ very) (CODE ) (N Chub))
              (CODE <$$font>)
    	  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
    	  (VBP mean)
    	  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *ICH*-1)
    		  (TO to)
    		  (VB put)
    		  (PP (P into)
    		      (NP (PRO$ your) (NS hands)))
    		  (ADVP-TMP (ADV presently)))
    	  (. ;))
      (ID WALTON,215.175))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D+NPR +Tefeont))
              (NP-1 (PRO hit))
              (VBD Makede)
              (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *ICH*-1)
                      (NP-SBJ (PRO Me))
                      (DO don))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.224.3245))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ ach)
              (NP-1 (D +tis) (N lont))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO$ ure) (NPR lauerd))
              (VBD bihat)
              (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *ICH*-1)
                      (TO+VB tobiteachen)
                      (PP (P in)
                          (NP (NPR$ judas) (NS honden))))
              (, .)
              (PP (P for) (WPRO hwon)
                  (CP-ADV (C +tt)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                  (VBP ga)
                                  (ADVP-LOC (ADV biforen))))))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.221.3210))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
                  (NP-1 (PRO me))
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
                  (VBP makest)
                  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *ICH*-1)
                          (TO to)
                          (VB steoruen))
                  (PP (P wi+d)
                      (NP (D +te) (N streng+de)
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (PRO$ +tine) (NS beoden)
                                  (, .)
                                  (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
                                          (C +te)
                                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
                                                  (BEP beo+d)
                                                  (ADJP (NP (PRO +te))
                                                        (ADVR se) (ADJ munde))))))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMARGA,74.301))

#### Infinitival subjects

In addition to serving as complements, infinitives also act as subjects, either in situ or extraposed.

#### Infinitival subjects in situ

Infinitive subject clauses in situ are labelled `IP-INF-SBJ`.

    ( (IP-MAT (IP-INF-SBJ (VB Makie)
                          (NP-OB1 (NPR$ deofles) (N hore))
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (PRO hire))))
              (, :)
              (BEP is)
              (NP-OB1 (N reu+de)
                      (PP (P ouer)
                          (NP (N reu+de))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.215.3096))

    ( (IP-MAT (IP-INF-SBJ (TO to)
                          (VB love)
                          (NP-OB1 (NPR God)))
              (BEP is)
              (IP-INF (IP-INF (FOR for) (TO to)
                              (VB love)
                              (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
                                              (C that)
                                              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                                      (VBP loveth)))))
                      (, ,)
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (IP-INF (FOR *) (TO *)
                                     (VB hate)
                                     (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-2 0)
                                                     (C that)
                                                     (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
                                                             (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                                             (VBP hateth)))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMCTPARS,296.C1a.332))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (ADVP (ADV certes))
                  (IP-INF-SBJ (FOR for) (TO to)
                              (VB persevere)
                              (NP-MSR (ADJ longe))
                              (PP (P in)
                                  (NP (N synne))))
                  (BEP is)
                  (NP-OB1 (N werk)
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (D the) (NPR devel)))))
          (ID CMCTMELI,226.C1.345))

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Now))
              (ADVP (ADV certes))
              (, ,)
              (IP-INF-SBJ (NP-SBJ (D a) (N man))
                          (TO to)
                          (VB pride)
                          (NP-RFL (PRO hym))
                          (PP (P in)
                              (NP (D the) (NS goodes)
                                  (PP (P of)
                                      (NP (N grace))))))
              (BEP is)
              (ALSO eek)
              (NP-OB1 (D an) (ADJ outrageous) (N folie))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMCTPARS,302.C2.567))

#### Extraposed infinitival subjects

When an infinitival subject is extraposed, it is coindexed with an expletive subject, either overt IT or its empty counterpart `(NP-SBJ *exp*)`.

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
                  (VBP lye)
                  (PP (P in)
                      (NP (PRO$ my) (N power)))
                  (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
                            (VB gyff)
                            (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))))
          (ID CMMALORY,48.1600))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
                  (MD woll)
                  (BE be)
                  (ADJP (ADJ harde))
                  (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
                            (VB macche)
                            (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))))
          (ID CMMALORY,201.3181))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PP (P hwenne)
                      (CP-ADV (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
                                              (HVP hauest)
                                              (NP-MSR (ADJ longe))
                                              (VBN iwaked))
                                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
                                                     (MD schuldest)
                                                     (VB gan)
                                                     (TO+VB toslepen))))))
                  (, .)
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV Nu))
                  (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
                  (BEP is)
                  (ADJP (ADJ god))
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                              (VBP sei+d))
                  (IP-INF-1 (VB wakien)))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.197.2821))

The same notation is used with impersonal verbs.

    (NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-VOC (N Sir))
                      (, ,)
                      (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
                      (VBP nedith)
                      (NEG nat)
                      (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
                      (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
                                (VB put)
                                (NP-OB1 (PRO me))
                                (PP (P to)
                                    (NP (QP (Q no) (QR more))
                                        (N payne)))))
          (ID CMMALORY,47.1541))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
              (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
              (VBD semed)
              (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
                        (BE be)
                        (PP (P of)
                            (NP (D the) (N ayge)
                                (PP (P of)
                                    (NP (NUMP (NUM three) (NUM hondred))
                                        (NS wynter))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,660.4629))

#### Wh- infinitives

There are three types of infinitives with introductory wh- phrases: infinitival questions, infinitival relative clauses, and infinitival free relatives. Internally, these three clause types share the same structure, with the wh- phrase coindexed to its trace in the usual way. Externally, wh- questions are treated as verbal complements, infinitival relatives are contained within the NP brackets of their antecedent (just like tensed relative clauses), and infinitival free relatives are contained within NP brackets without a preceding antecedent (just like tensed free relative clauses).

#### Infinitival questions

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO i))
                  (NEG+VBP noot)
                  (CP-QUE (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
                          (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                  (TO to)
                                  (DO doone))))
          (ID CMCTMELI,218.C1.45))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                  (NEG+VBD nyst)
                  (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV whider))
                          (IP-INF (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
                                  (TO to)
                                  (VB wende))))
          (ID CMBRUT3,50.1485))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D this) (N ensample)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (NPR saturne))))
              (VBP techith)
              (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
                      (IP-INF (ADVP *T*-1)
                              (TO to)
                              (VB maken)
                              (PP (P in)
                                  (NP (D the) (N label)))
                              (NP-OB1 (Q alle) (D the) (NS semydiametres)
                                      (PP (P of)
                                          (NP (NS Epicicles)
                                              (PP (P of)
                                                  (NP (Q alle) (D the) (NS planetis))))))))
              (E_S /))
      (ID CMEQUATO,26.117))

#### Infinitival relatives

If the infinitival relative is not introduced by a wh- phrase, it is treated as a purpose/relative infinitive (`CP-EOP`).

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBD saide)
              (CP-THT (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                              (NEG+HVD nade)
                              (NP-OB1 (QP (Q no) (QR more))
                                      (N lande)
                                      (CP-REL (WPP-1 (WADV+P wherwi+t))
                                              (IP-INF (PP *T*-1)
                                                      (NP-OB1 (PRO her))
                                                      (FOR+TO forto)
                                                      (VB marie))))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMBRUT3,17.516))

#### Infinitival free relatives

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO +tey))
              (MD wolde)
              (CODE <P_39>)
              (HV haue)
              (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
                              (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (FOR+TO for-to)
                                      (VB +gyue))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMAELR3,39.379))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
                  (PP (ADV+P +teruore))
                  (NP-VOC (NPR lhord))
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
                  (NEG ne)
                  (HVP habbe)
                  (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WPP-1 (WADV+P huer-of))
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-INF (PP *T*-1)
                                          (VB maki)
                                          (NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
                                          (NP-OB1 (N yeldinge)))))
                  (E_S :))
      (ID CMAYENBI,115.2222))

#### TOUGH movement complement (`CP-TMC`)

TOUGH movement complements (SALLY IS EASY TO PLEASE) are labelled `CP-TMC` and always contain an empty operator coindexed to a trace. Generally, TOUGH movement complements are complements of adjectives, but they may also be complements of nouns meaning PITY or DIFFICULT THING.

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D+ADJ thilke) (N love))
                  (BEP is)
                  (ADJP (D the) (QR moore) (ADJ grevous)
                        (CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
                                (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                        (TO to)
                                        (VB parfourne)))))
          (ID CMCTPARS,304.C2.683))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (ALSO eek)
              (NP-SBJ (D the) (N wounde))
              (MD wolde)
              (BE be)
              (ADJP (D the) (ADJR wors)
                    (CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
                            (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                    (FOR for) (TO to)
                                    (VB heele))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMCTPARS,324.C1.1554))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (BEP is)
              (ADJP (ADJP (ADJR +tickere)
                          (PP (P a+gein)
                              (NP (D +te) (N wind))))
                    (CONJP (CONJ &)
                           (ADJP (ADJR wurse)
                                 (CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
                                         (IP-INF (TO to)
                                                 (VB seon)
                                                 (PP (P +turch)
                                                     (NP *T*-1))))))))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.41.364))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D This) (N thoghte))
              (BEP es)
              (ADJP (ADJ gude)
                    (CP-TMC *ICH*-2))
              (NP-TMP (Q+N sumtyme))
              (CP-TMC-2 (WNP-1 0)
                        (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                (FOR for) (TO to)
                                (HV hafe)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMROLLTR,37.773))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                  (BEP is)
                  (NP-OB1 (Q muche) (N pine)		<-- NOUN
                          (CP-TMC (WNP-2 0)
                                  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
                                          (ADVP (ADV wel))
                                          (FOR for) (TO to)
                                          (VB halden)))))
          (ID CMANCRIW,II.41.360))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ Ant)
              (PP (P +tah)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ hare) (N mei+dhad))
                                  (BEP beo)
                                  (ADJP (ADJR ed-ure))
                                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV nu+de)))))
              (, .)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO$ +tin))
              (BEP is)
              (NP-OB1 (D +te) (QR mare) (N streng+de)	<-- NOUN
                      (CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
                              (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (TO to)
                                      (VB halden))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMHALI,136.115))

    ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
              (BED was)
              (NP-OB1 (N rewth)				<-- NOUN
                      (CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
                              (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                      (TO to)
                                      (VB here)))))
      (ID CMMIRK,100.2724))

Clauses of the type SHE IS FAIR TO LOOK ON are also treated as involving TOUGH movement, even though their structure must be somewhat different, since the matrix subject in these cases occupies a thematic position (in SHE IS FAIR TO LOOK ON, SHE is FAIR, but in SALLY IS EASY TO PLEASE, SALLY is not EASY).

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
                  (BED was)
                  (ADJP (ADJ faire) (ADVR ynow)
                        (CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
                                (C 0)
                                (IP-INF (PP (P oppon)
                                            (NP *T*-1))
                                        (TO to)
                                        (VB see)))))
          (ID CMBRUT3,114.3453))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ Ac)
              (NP-OB1 (ADJP (ADJ lang)
                            (CP-TMC *ICH*-2))
                      (N +ting))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
              (BED were)
              (CP-TMC-2 (WNP-1 0)
                        (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                (TO to)
                                (VB zigge)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMAYENBI,44.735))

#### Degree infinitives

All degree infinitives are treated as sisters of the degree word that licenses them (ENOUGH, SO, TOO).

#### Degree infinitives with a gap (`CP-DEG`)

Degree infinitives with a gap are labelled `CP-DEG` and take an `IP-INF` complement.

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
                  (NP-SBJ *con*)
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV now))
                  (HVP hast)
                  (VBN seyd)
                  (NP-OB1 (ADJR j-now)
                          (CP-DEG (WNP-1 0)
                                  (IP-INF (TO to)
                                          (BE be)
                                          (VAN brent)
                                          (PP (P for)
                                              (NP *T*-1)))))
                  (E_S .)
                  (" "))
      (ID CMKEMPE,133.3127))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                  (HVD had)
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV euere))
                  (NP-OB1 (ADJR ynow)
                          (CP-DEG (WNP-2 0)
                                  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
                                          (TO to)
                                          (DO do))))
                  (PP (P in)
                      (NP (N amendynge)
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (PRO$ his) (N lyf)))))
                  (PP (P by)
                      (NP (N confession))))
          (ID CMAELR4,13.351))

#### Degree infinitives without a gap (`IP-INF-DEG`)

Degree infinitives without a gap are labelled `IP-INF-DEG`. Note that the infinitive is a sister to the phrasal projection of its licensing head, if there is a phrasal projection.

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PP (P For)
                      (NP (N payne)
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (N deth)))))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO we)
                          (QP (Q all)))
                  (MD shall)
                  (HV have)
                  (NP-OB1 (N worke)
                          (ADJP (ADJR inow))
                          (IP-INF-DEG (TO to)
                                      (VB macche)
                                      (NP-OB1 (D that) (N knyght))))
                  (E_S ;))
      (ID CMMALORY,199.3119))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                  (NEG+BED nass)
                  (NEG nohht)
                  (ADJP (ADJ derrf)
                        (ADVP (ADVR inoh))
                        (LB |)
                        (LB |)
                        (IP-INF-DEG (ADVP (Q All) (ADV opennli+g))
                                    (TO to)
                                    (VB sekenn)
                                    (LB |)
                                    (LB |)
                                    (NP-OB1 (D +Te) (NPR Laferrd) (NPR Crist))
                                    (PP (P biforr)
                                        (NP (D +te) (N follc)))
                                    (, ,)
                                    (LB |)
                                    (LB |)
                                    (IP-INF-PRP (TO To)
                                                (VB (VB lofenn)
                                                    (CONJP *ICH*-2))
                                                (NP-OB1 (PRO himm))
                                                (CONJP-2 (CONJ &)
                                                         (VB wurr+tenn))))))
          (ID CMORM,II,230.2451))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Crist))
                  (BEP is)
                  (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ merciable)
                        (IP-INF-DEG (TO to)
                                    (VB for+gyue)
                                    (NP-OB2 (D a) (ADJ synful) (N man))
                                    (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (NS synnes)))))
          (ID CMAELR3,43.513))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N man))
                  (BED was)
                  (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ hardy)
                        (IP-INF-DEG (FOR+TO for-to)
                                    (VB nempne)
                                    (NP-OB1 (NPR God)))))
          (ID CMBRUT3,45.1370))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                  (BEP ys)
                  (ADJP (ADVR to) (ADJ stronge)
                        (IP-INF-DEG (TO to)
                                    (VB fyght)
                                    (PP (P with)
                                        (NP (NPR Jamys) (NPR Fyscher)
                                            (NP-PRN (D the) (ADJ trewe) (N man))))
                                    (PP (P whythe)
                                        (NP (NP-POS (D an) (N yryn) (N$ rammys))
                                            (N horne)))))
                  (E_S .)
                  (" "))
      (ID CMGREGOR,201.1652))

#### Purpose infinitives (`CP-EOP, IP-INF-PRP`)

#### Purpose/relative infinitives (`CP-EOP`)

Infinitival relatives without introductory wh- phrases are often difficult or impossible to distinguish from purpose clauses, and we have not attempted to distinguish the two. By definition, these clauses contain a gap, but are not introduced by an overt wh- phrase. Purpose infinitives without a gap are discussed elsewhere, as are infinitival relatives with an overt wh- phrase.

Purpose/relative infinitive clauses are labelled `CP-EOP` (`EOP` = empty operator) and are contained within the brackets of their potential antecedent. Like other clauses with gaps, they contain a wh- operator (empty by definition in the case of `CP-EOP`) coindexed with a trace. Both subject and object gaps are indicated.

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                  (HVD hadde)
                  (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N man)
                          (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
                                  (IP-INF (NP-OB2 *T*-1)
                                          (TO to)
                                          (VB teche)))))
          (ID CMPOLYCH,VI,225.1611))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N purveaunce))
                  (BEP is)
                  (NP-OB1 (D an)
                          (ADJP (ADJ unmoevable) (CONJ and) (ADJ symple))
                          (N forme)
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (NS thinges)))
                          (CP-EOP (WNP-2 0)
                                  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
                                          (TO to)
                                          (DO doone)))))
          (ID CMBOETH,451.C2.476))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ For)
                  (PP (P yif)
                      (CP-ADV (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
                                      (VBP conferme)
                                      (NP-OB1 (PRO$ thi) (N corage))
                                      (PP (P to)
                                          (NP (D the) (ADJS beste) (NS thinges))))))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO thow))
                  (NEG ne)
                  (HVP hast)
                  (NP-OB1 (Q noon) (N nede)
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (Q no) (N juge)))
                          (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
                                  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                          (TO to)
                                          (VB yeven)
                                          (NP-OB1 (D the) (N prys)
                                                  (CONJP (CONJ or)
                                                         (NX (N mede)))))))
                  (E_S ;))
      (ID CMBOETH,448.C2.409))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJS outreste) (N bark))
                  (BEP is)
                  (VAN put)
                  (PP (P ayens)
                      (NP (D the) (N distemperaunce)
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP (D the) (NPR hevene)))))
                  (PP (P as)
                      (NP (D a) (N deffendour)
                          (ADJP (ADJ myghty))
                          (CP-EOP (WNP-4 0)
                                  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *T*-4)
                                          (TO to)
                                          (VB suffren)
                                          (NP-OB1 (N harm)))))))
          (ID CMBOETH,435.C2.291))

    ( (IP-IMP (CONJ &)
              (VBI underfeng)
              (NP-OB1 (PRO hit)
                      (CP-EOP *ICH*-2))
              (ADVP (ADV gledliche))
              (, .)
              (CP-EOP-2 (WNP-1 0)
                        (IP-INF (FOR for)
                                (TO to)
                                (VB aquike)
                                (NP-OB1 (PRO +te))
                                (PP (P wi+d)
                                    (NP *T*-1))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMANCRIW,II.102.1243))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (MD wolde)
              (VB legge)
              (NP-OB1 (NPR Champayn)
                      (CP-EOP *ICH*-2))
              (PP (P to)
                  (NP (D +te) (N kyng)))
              (CP-EOP-2 (WNP-1 0)
                        (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                (TO to)
                                (VB wedde)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMPOLYCH,VIII,111.3725))

#### Purpose infinitives without a gap (`IP-INF-PRP`)

Purpose infinitives with a gap (`CP-EOP`) are treated elsewhere.

Purpose infinitives without a gap are labelled `IP-INF-PRP`.

| Purpose infinitives are not always easy to distinguish from bare infinitives, and some infinitives that should be tagged as purpose infinitives are likely to lack the `-PRP` tag.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (PP (ADV+P therfor))
              (NP-TMP (D that) (N nyghte))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VBD yssued)
              (PP (RP oute)
                  (P of)
                  (NP (D the) (N castel)))
              (PP (P at)
                  (NP (D a) (N posterne)))
              (IP-INF-PRP (FOR for) (TO to)
                          (HV have)
                          (VBN distressid)
                          (NP-OB1 (NP-POS (D the) (N$ kynges))
                                  (N hooste)))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,4.89))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (NP-SBJ (Q all) (D this))
              (BED was)
              (VAN ordeyned)
              (IP-INF-PRP (FOR for) (TO to)
                          (VB kepe)
                          (NP-OB1 (NP (D the) (NS lordes))
                                  (CONJP *ICH*-1))
                          (ADVP (ADV togyders))
                          (CONJP-1 (CONJ and)
                                   (NP (D the) (NS comyns))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,8.208))

#### Infinitival adjuncts (`IP-INF-ADT`)

| Infinitival adjuncts are likely to lack the `-ADT` dash tag.

Infinitival adjuncts other than purpose clauses are labelled `IP-INF-ADT`.

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
              (VBP think)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *exp*)
                      (ADJP (ADJ long))
                      (IP-INF-ADT (TO to)
                                  (VB hear)
                                  (PP (P from)
                                      (NP (PRO me)))))))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
              (DOD did)
              (ADVP (ADV well))
              (IP-INF-ADT (TO to)
                          (VB lock)
                          (NP-OB1 (D the) (N door)))))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ But)
    	      (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
    	      (BEP arte)
    	      (NP-OB1 (D a) (N foole))
    	      (IP-INF-ADT-SPE (TO to)
    			  (VB take)
    			  (NP-OB1 (N thought)
    				  (PP (P for)
    				      (NP (PRO hit))))))
      (ID CMMALORY,34.1087))

#### Small clauses (`IP-SMC`)

- Small clauses as complements of P

| See also the sections on secondary predicates (`ADJP-SPR```, `NP-SPR`).

Small clauses are instances of predication where the predicate is a noun phrase, adjective phrase (possibly headed by a participle), or passive participle. (For clauses headed by active participles, see `IP-PPL`.) In general, other nonverbal categories are not allowed as small clause predicates, but systematic exceptions occur in connection with small clause complements of P.

Small clauses occur in absolute construction (without a governing verb or preposition), as complements of verbs, or as complements of prepositions.

- Small clauses in absolute construction are not explicitly labelled as small clauses; they are labelled by function as `IP-ABS` and discussed under Absolute clauses.
- Small clause complements of verbs are always labelled `IP-SMC`.
- Small clause complements of prepositions, which are rare in Middle English, were labelled `IP-ABS` in the PPCME2, where `IP-ABS` functioned as somewhat of a catch-all category. In the PPCEME/PCEEC, this type becomes much more common, and we have assimilated it to the verbal complement type, labelling it `IP-SMC`.

> Type | Example | PPCME2 | Mod. Eng.
> --- | --- | --- | ---
> Absolute | The project completed, the workers left. | IP-ABS
> Complement of V | We consider the project done. | IP-SMC
> Complement of P | With the project done, we can leave. | IP-ABS | IP-SMC

We treat the following verbs as taking small clause complements; the list is intended to be representative rather than exhaustive and should be compared with the list of verbs that we treat as taking secondary predicates.

>     acknowledge, account, adjudge, affirm, allow, approve, argue,
>     believe, bethink, bid,
>     call, cause, conceive, conclude, confess, confirm, consider,
>     continue, count, create,
>     declare, deem, denominate, deny, design, determine, disclose,
>     discover, do, doubt, dub,
>     espy, efform, esteem, expect, express,
>     fancy, feel, feign, find, foresee, form,
>     get, grant, guess,
>     have, hear, hold, hope,
>     imagine, imply, intend,
>     judge,
>     know,
>     learn, let,
>     make, mean,
>     note, number,
>     observe, own, oversee,
>     perceive, phrase, presume, pretend, proclaim, profess, pronounce,
>     protest, prove,
>     reckon, relate, remember, render, report, repute,
>     say, see, show, speak, spy, style, suppose, suspect,
>     term, think, title, trust, turn,
>     understand,
>     value,
>     warrant, wish, write, wyst,
>     yield

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (PP (ADV+P therewith))
              (VBD made)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hym))
                      (ADJP (ADJ redy)
                            (IP-INF (TO to)
                                    (VB departe))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,48.1587))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                  (VBD saw)
                  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D thes) (NUM two) (NS bodyes))
                          (ADJP (ADJ dede))))
          (ID CMMALORY,53.1774))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
                  (VBP wenyth)
                  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N knyght))
                          (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ good)
                                (PP (P as)
                                    (NP (PRO he)))))
                  (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,199.3099))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
                  (CONJ but)
                  (PP (P with)
                      (NP (N falshede)))
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                  (MD wolde)
                  (HV have)
                  (HVN had)
                  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO me))
                          (VAN slayne)
                          (PP (P with)
                              (NP (N treson))))
                  (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,206.3395))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBD founde)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
                      (VAN coverde)
                      (ADVP-LOC (ADV within) (CONJ and) (ADV without))
                      (PP (P with)
                          (NP (ADJ whyght) (N samyte))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,666.4822))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ For)
                  (NP-SBJ (Q som) (NS men))
                  (VBD called)
                  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO me))
                          (NP-TMP (Q+N somtyme))
                          (NP-OB1 (D the) (N Quene)
                                  (PP (P of)
                                      (NP (D the) (NPR Wast) (NPR Landis)))))
                  (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,658.4557))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
                  (MD myghte)
                  (VB please)
                  (NP-OB1 (D the) (N kynge))
                  (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
                            (VB make)
                            (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO her))
                                    (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N quene)))))
          (ID CMMALORY,4.108))

Empty subjects of small clauses are indicated in the usual way. Extracted subjects are coindexed with a trace in the small clause. In some constructions (notably, reduced relative clauses), where our annotation system does not indicate movement, an empty subject is added that is not a trace.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ-1 (D the) (N duke))
              (BED was)
              (VAN called)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
                      (NP-OB1 (D the)
                              (N duke)
                              (PP (P of)
                                  (NP (NPR Tyntagil)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,2.7))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ-1 (NPR syr) (NPR Kay))
              (BED was)
              (VAN made)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
                      (NP-OB1 (N knyght)))
              (PP (P at)
                  (NP (NPR Alhalowmas)
                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV afore))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,8.213))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (Q ony))
                  (MD sholde)
                  (BE be)
                  (VAN accompted)
                  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
                          (ADJP (ADJP (QR more) (ADJ hardy))
                                (CONJP (CONJ or)
                                       (ADJP (ADJR more)
                                             (PP (P of)
                                                 (NP (N prouesse))))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,50.1652))

    (NODE (NP (D a) (N city)
              (RRC (VAN called)
                   (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)
                           (NP-OB1 (NPR Gerona))))))

#### Small clauses as complements of P

As noted above, small clauses can serve as complements of prepositions (notably WITH). This type is labelled `IP-ABS` in the PPCME2.

    (NODE (PP (P with)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (ONE one) (N Hand))		<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
                      (ADJP (ADJ idle))
                      (PP (P in)
                          (NP (PRO$ his) (N Pocket)))))
          (ID FARQUHAR,5.174))

    (NODE (PP (P with)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D a) (N letter))		<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
    		  (VAN engraven)
                      (PP (P upon)
                          (NP (Q each)
                              (PP (P of)
                                  (NP (PRO them)))))))
          (ID HOOLE,7.46))

    (NODE (PP (P with)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (ADJ humble) (N duty))	<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
    	          (VAN remembred)))
          (ID JBARRING,79.35))

    (NODE (PP (P After)
    	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D the) (NUM three) (NS Concordances))	<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
    		  (VAN learned)))
           (ID ASCH,1V.16))

    (NODE (PP (P after)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (NS thankes))	<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
     		  (VAN giuen)
                      (PP (P to)
                          (NP (NPR Sir) (CODE <font>) (NPR George) (NPR Bruce)))))
          (ID JOTAYLOR,1,133.C1.161))

The predicates of small clause complements of prepositions can be PPs, adverbs, or adverbial particles.

| Potentially analogous cases with verbs are not treated as small clauses; see below for examples.

    (NODE (PP (P with)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N hose))		<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
    	          (RP out)
        	          (PP (P at)
       		      (NP (D the) (NS heeles)))))
          (ID DELONEY,75.191))

    (NODE (PP (P with)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D the) (N Crowne))		<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
                      (PP (P on)
                          (NP (PRO$ his) (N head)))))
          (ID EVELYN,903.146))

    (NODE (PP (P with)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N Reason))	<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
                      (PP (P as)
                          (NP (N Commander)
                      (PP (P at)
                          (NP (D the)
    			  (N Head)
                              (PP (P of)
                                  (NP (PRO 'em)))))))))
          (ID FARQUHAR,6.232))

    (NODE (PP (P with)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D a) (ADJ good) (N quarter) (N staffe))	<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
                      (PP (P in)
                          (NP (PRO$ his) (N hand)))))
          (ID HARMAN,42.156))

    (NODE (PP (P with)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (QP (NP-MSR (ADJ little)	<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
    			      (QR more))
    			  (NS Cloaths)
    			  (PP *ICH*-1))
    	          (RP on)
                      (PP-1 (P than)
                            (NP (D a)

                                (ADJ (ADJ21 dark) (ADJ22 coloured))
    			    (N Smock)
    			    (, ,)
                                (CONJP (CONJ or)
                                       (NX (N Frock)))))))
          (ID FRYER,II,185.209))

    (NODE (PP (P with)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ its) (N belly))		<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
                      (ADVP-DIR (ADV+WARD upwards))))
          (ID HOOKE,212.145))

    (NODE (PP (P with)
              (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (Q several) (NS boyes))	<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
                      (PP (P in)
                          (NP (Q each) (N Form)))))
          (ID HOOLE,219.135))

Counterparts of examples like the above with verbs instead of prepositions are not analyzed as small clauses.

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
              (VBD saw)
              (NP-OB1 (D the) (N crown))
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP (PRO$ his) (N head))))
              (. .))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
              (HVD had)
              (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ good) (N quarter) (N staff))
              (PP (P in)
                  (NP (PRO$ his) (N hand))))
              (. .))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
              (HVD had)
              (NP-OB1 (ADJ beautiful) (NS clothes))
              (RP on))
              (. .))

#### Participial clauses (`IP-PPL`)

- Participial clauses without subjects
- Participial clauses with subjects
  - Participial clauses with subjects as subjects themselves
  - Participial clauses with subjects as complements of V
  - Participial clauses with subjects as complements of P
- Absolute participial clauses (see Absolute clauses)

> | Participial clauses are headed by active participles (`BAG, DAG, HAG, VAG`). Clauses headed by passive participles are treated as `IP-ABS` or `IP-SMC`. See also Nominal versus mixed gerunds. Participial clauses (`IP-PPL`) are not always easy to distinguish from reduced relatives (`RRC`) headed by participles. It is wise in searches for one category to include the other. The distinction between participial clauses functioning as adjuncts (`IP-PPL`) and complements (`IP-PPL-OB1`) is not implemented in the PPCME2. Participial clauses functioning as complements are likely to be so rare in that corpus as to be negligible.

Participial clauses without overt subjects are labelled `IP-PPL`. As usual in our system, the PRO subject, which is generally coreferential with the matrix subject, is not indicated. In the PPCME2, `IP-PPL` was defined as subjectless, and participial constructions with subjects were either treated as small clauses (if headed by passive participles) (`IP-SMC`) or as absolute clauses (`IP-ABS`) (in the few cases where this was necessary).

The changing grammar of English makes it impractical to continue the requirement that IP-PPLs be subjectless, and the PPCEME/PCEEC therefore allow IP-PPLs with subjects. See Participial clauses with subjects for further discussion and examples.

In deciding between the alternative structures below, we follow the same criteria as in deciding between ECM and object control.

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
              (VBP remember)
              (NP-OB1 (PRO$ their) (NS parents))
              (IP-PPL (VAG cooking)			<-- without subject
                      (NP-OB1 (N dinner)))))

    ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
              (VBP remember)
              (IP-PPL-OB1 (NP-SBJ=1 (EX there))	<-- with subject
                          (BAG being)
                          (NP-1 (D a) (N fire)))))

#### Participial clauses without subjects

> Function | Example | PPCME2 | Mod. Eng.
> --- | --- | --- | ---
> Matrix subject | Reading books is a great pleasure. | IP-PPL-SBJ
> Complement of V | They don't like doing the dishes. | IP-PPL | IP-PPL-OB1
> Complement of P | the idea of doing the dishes | IP-PPL
> Adjunct | Turning the page, she began to read. Overcome by remorse, he gave up the throne.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
    	  (IP-PPL-SBJ (VAG loseing)			<-- subject

    		      (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N way)))
    	  (VBD made)
    	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
    		  (NP-OB1 (NUM 12) (N mile)))
    	  (. ,))
      (ID FIENNES,153.308))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
    	  (IP-PPL-SBJ (VAG comming)			<-- subject
    		      (NP-DIR (N home))
    		      (ADVP-TMP (ADV late)))
    	  (BED was)
    	  (NP-OB1 (D the)
    		  (N cause)
    		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
    			  (C that)
    			  (IP-SUB (NP-ADV *T*-1)
    				  (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my)
    					  (N oncle)
    					  (NP-PRN (NPR Anthony) (NPR Gavdy)))
    				  (VBD fayled)
    				  (PP (P of)
    				      (NP (D a) (N letter))))))
    	  (. .))
      (ID GAWDY,26.39))

    ( (IP-MAT (PP (P In)
    	      (NP (D this) (N Indictment)))
    	  (NP-SBJ=1 *exp*)
    	  (BEP are)
    	  (VAN contained)
    	  (NP-1 (NUM three)
    		(ADJ principal)
    		(NS Treasons)
    		(, ,)
    		(CP-REL (WPP-2 (WADV+P whereof))
    			(C 0)
    			(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the)
    					(ADJ first)
    					(PP *T*-2))
    				(BEP is)
    				(IP-PPL-OB1 (VAG (VAG imagining) (CONJ and) (VAG conspiring))	<-- complement of V
    					    (NP-OB1 (D the)
    						    (N Deprivation)
    						    (, ,)
    						    (CONJP (NX (N Death)))
    						    (, ,)
    						    (CONJP (CONJ and)
    							   (NX (N Destruction)))
    						    (PP (P of)
    							(NP (NP-POS (D the) (N$ Queen's))
    							    (N Majesty))))))))
    	  (. :))
      (ID THOWARD2,101.122))

    ( (IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-2)
              (ADVP (ADV ryght) (ADV so))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
              (MD shall)
              (VB com)
              (ADVP (ADV agayne))
              (PP (P unto)
                  (NP (PRO me)))
              (PP (P withoute)
                  (IP-PPL (VAG makynge)			<-- complement of P
                          (NP-OB1 (QP (Q ony) (QR more))
                                  (N debate)))))
      (ID CMMALORY,37.1184))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
                  (PP (P As)
                      (IP-PPL (VAG towchyng)		<-- complement of P
                              (PP (P unto)
                                  (NP (D that)))))
                  (, ,)
                  (' ')
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
                              (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot)))
                  (, ,)
                  (' ')
                  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                  (VBP know)
                  (ADVP (ADV well))
                  (CP-THT (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                                  (BED was)
                                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV never))
                                  (NP-OB1 (Q none)
                                          (PP (P of)
                                              (NP (D the) (ADJS beste))))))
                  (E_S .)
                  (' '))
      (ID CMMALORY,633.3724))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VBD wente)
              (PP (P into)
                  (NP (D the) (N watir)))
              (IP-PPL (IP-PPL (VAG cryynge))		<-- adjunct
                      (CODE <em>)
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (IP-PPL (VAG rorynge)))
                      (CODE </em>)
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (IP-PPL (VAG makying)
                                     (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N sorowe)))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,664.4752))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ (D the) (N lyon))
              (VBD wente)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV allwey))
              (PP (P aboute)
                  (NP (PRO hym)))
              (IP-PPL (VAG fawnynge)			<-- adjunct
                      (PP (P as)
                          (NP (D a) (N spaynell))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,664.4776))

#### Participial clauses with subjects

We distinguish the following subtypes.

> Function | Example | PPCME2 | Mod. Eng.
> --- | --- | --- | ---
> Matrix subject | Him graduating is a big relief. | IP-ABS | IP-PPL-SBJ
> Complement of V | They remember there being a fire. | IP-PPL-OB1
> Complement of P | He dreamed of there being a fire. | IP-PPL
> Adjunct (= absolute) | The deadline approaching, they panicked. | IP-PPL-ABS

Case marking on the subjects of participial clauses is nominative or accusative; participial constructions with genitive or possessive subjects are treated as mixed gerunds. The morphologically ambiguous HER is treated as accusative by default (cf. the treatment of the reflexive HERSELF).

#### Participial clauses with subjects as subjects themselves

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
    	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV then))
    	  (IP-PPL-SBJ (NP-SBJ (N grasse))
    		      (VAG beginning)
    		      (IP-INF (TO to)
    			      (VB spring)
    			      (PP (P to)
    				  (NP (PRO$ its) (ADJ perfect) (N goodnesse)))))
    	  (MD will)
    	  (VB occasion)
    	  (NP-OB1 (D the)
    		  (ADJS greatest)
    		  (N increase)
    		  (PP (P of)
    		      (NP (N milke)))
    		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
    			  (C that)
    			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
    				  (MD may)
    				  (BE be))))
    	  (. :))
      (ID MARKHAM,2,107.185))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
    	  (ADVP (ADV really))
    	  (IP-PPL-SBJ (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N Father))
    		      (BAG being)
    		      (ADVP (ADVR soe))
    		      (PP (RP out)
    			  (P of)
    			  (NP (N humer))))
    	  (VBD put)
    	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO me))
    		  (TO to)
    		  (BE be)
    		  (ADJP (ADV strangly) (ADJ forgetfull)))
    	  (. .))
      (ID EOXINDEN-1650,224.17))

#### Participial clauses with subjects as complements of V

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
    	  (ADVP (ADV perhaps))
    	  (NP-SBJ (D the)
    		  (ADJ very)
    		  (N essence)
    		  (PP (P of)
    		      (NP (D the)
    			  (CODE <font>)
    			  (LATIN (FW Plica) (FW Polonica)))))
    	  (CODE <$$font>)
    	  (MD may)
    	  (BE be)
    	  (IP-PPL-OB1 (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS hairs))
    		      (VAG growing)
    		      (ADJP (ADJP (ADJ hollow))
    			    (, ,)
    			    (CONJP (CONJ and)
    				   (PP (P of)
    				       (NP (D an) (ADJ unnatural) (N constitution))))))
    	  (. .))
      (ID HOOKE,158.38))

#### Participial clauses with subjects as complements of P

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
    	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
    	  (VBP beseech)
    	  (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
    	  (IP-INF (NEG not)
    		  (TO to)
    		  (VB impute)
    		  (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
    		  (PP (P to)
    		      (IP-PPL (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (ADJ sweet) (NS Deares))	<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
    			      (VAG hindering)
    			      (NP-OB1 (PRO me)))))
    	  (. ,))
      (ID EOXINDEN-1660,309.14))

    ( (NP (ADJ Greate)
          (NS preparations)
          (PP (P of)
    	  (NP (Q all)
    	      (D the)
    	      (NS Princes)
    	      (PP (P of)
    		  (NP (NPR Europ)))))
          (, ,)
          (PP (P against)
    	  (IP-PPL (NP-SBJ (NP (D the) (ADJ French))		<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
    			  (CONJP (FW &c:)
    				 (NP (D the) (N Emp:))))
    		  (VAG making)
    		  (NP-OB1 (N peace)
    			  (PP (P with)
    			      (NP (D the) (NPR Turke))))))
          (. :))
      (ID EVELYN,896.15))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
    	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
    	  (VBD sayde)
    	  (CP-THT (C that)
    		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q all)
    				  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
    					  (C that)
    					  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
    						  (PP (P by)
    						      (NP (PRO hym)))
    						  (BED was)
    						  (DAN done))))
    			  (, |)
    			  (BED was)
    			  (DAN done)
    			  (PP (P by)
    			      (NP (N constraynt)
    				  (PP (P of)
    				      (IP-PPL (NP-SBJ (NPR Rycharde))	<-- would be IP-ABS in PPCME2
    					      (ADVP-TMP (ADV than))
    					      (BAG beynge)
    					      (NP-OB1 (N Kynge))))))))
    	  (. |))
      (ID FABYAN,169R.C2.49))

#### Absolute clauses (`IP-ABS, IP-INF-ABS, IP-PPL-ABS`)

- Absolute clauses with active participles
- Absolute clauses with other predicates
- "Absolute" clauses as complements of P
- Absolute infinitives
- Infinitive for finite clause

Absolute clauses are defined more strictly in the PPCEME/PCEEC than in the PPCME2, where it is somewhat of a catch-all category. In particular, `IP-ABS` can take the place of a finite subordinate clause or occur as the complement of a preposition in the PPCME2, but not in the PPCEME/PCEEC, where the dash tag `-ABS` is restricted to true absolute (= ungoverned) constructions. The subject of an absolute clause is always overt (or a trace of movement) and always tagged `NP-SBJ`, regardless of case-marking (which can be nominative, accusative, or genitive). The morphologically ambiguous HER is treated as accusative by default (cf. the treatment of the reflexive HERSELF).

We distinguish the following subtypes:

Type | Example | PPCME2 | Mod. Eng.
--- | --- | --- | ---
Absolute clause with active participle | The deadline approaching, they panicked. | IP-ABS | IP-PPL-ABS
Absolute clause with other predicate | This done, Caesar crossed the Rubicon. | IP-ABS
Complement of P | With Caesar to lead the army, victory is almost certain. | IP-INF
With Caesar leading the army, victory is almost certain. | IP-PPL
With the project done, we can leave. | IP-SMC
Absolute infinitive | This statute to remain in force. | IP-INF-ABS | IP-INF-ABS
Infinitive for finite clause | They declared that this statute to remain in force. | IP-INF

#### Absolute clauses with active participles

This type is labelled as `IP-ABS` in the PPCME2, but as `IP-PPL-ABS` in the modern English corpora.

    ( (IP-MAT (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO +te))		<-- accusative subject
                      (VAG openand)
                      (NP-OB1 (PRO$ +tyn) (N honde)))
              (, ,)
              (NP-SBJ (Q alle) (NS +tynges))
              (MD shul)
              (BE be)
              (VAN fulfild)
              (PP (P of)
                  (NP (N godenes)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMEARLPS,126.5520))

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
              (VBD departed)
              (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Percivale))
              (PP (P frome)
                  (NP (PRO$ hys) (N awnte)))
              (, ,)
              (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q aythir))
                      (VAG makyng)
                      (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N sorow)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,659.4602))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N duke)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (NPR Lancastir))))
              (VBD londid)
              (PP (P at)
                  (NP (NPR Rauenesporne)))
              (, ,)
              (PP (ADV fast)
                  (P be)
                  (NP (NPR Grymisby)))
              (, ,)
              (PP (P in)
                  (NP (D +te) (N translacion)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (NPR Seynt) (NPR Martyn)))))
              (, ,)
              (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N man))
                      (VAG makyng)
                      (NP-OB1 (N resistens)))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMCAPCHR,212.3794))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV thenne))
              (NP-SBJ (Q alle) (D the) (NS byschoppys))
              (VBD seseden)
              (PP (P with)
                  (NP (D a) (N swerde)))
              (, ,)
              (IP-ABS (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO they)
                                      (QP (Q alle)))
                              (VAG syttynge)
                              (NP-OB1 (PRO$ there) (NS hondys))
                              (PP (ADV+P thereon)))
                      (, ,)
                      (CONJP (CONJ ande)
                             (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q alle) (PRO they))	<-- nominative subject
                                     (VAG saynge)
                                     (NP-OB1 (D thes) (NS wordys)
                                             (LATIN *ICH*-1))
                                     (ADVP (ADV thys))
                                     (PP (P to)
                                         (NP (PRO hym)))
                                     (, ,)
                                     (LATIN-1 (FW Accingere) (FW gladio)
                                              (FW tuo) (FW super)
                                              (FW femur) (FW tuum)
                                              (FW potentissime)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMGREGOR,166.910))

    ( (IP-SUB (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO +te))		<-- accusative subject
                      (VAG spekinde))
              (, /)
              (NP-MSR (QP (ADV wel) (QR more)))
              (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
              (BEP by)
              (ADJP (ADJ stille)))
      (ID CMAYENBI,266.2605))

#### Absolute clauses with other predicates

This type is always treated as `IP-ABS`.

    ( (IP-MAT (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (D This))
                      (VAN (VAN sworne) (CONJ and) (VAN ratified))
                      (PP (P be)
                          (NP (NS seles))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (VBD went)
              (PP (P into)
                  (NP (D +te) (N ylde)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP (NPR Crete)))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMCAPCHR,35.110))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
              (VBD flowe)
              (PP (P unto)
                  (NP (D the) (N elme)))
              (IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
                          (VB take)
                          (NP-OB1 (PRO$ hir) (N perche)))
              (, ,)
              (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS lunes))
                      (VAN overcast)
                      (PP (P aboute)
                          (NP (D a) (N bowghe))))
              (E_S ;))
      (ID CMMALORY,205.3342))

#### "Absolute" clauses as complements of P

This type could not be labelled `IP-PPL` in the PPCME2 because IP-PPLs, by definition, did not contain overt subjects. In the modern English corpora, IP-PPLs can contain subjects, and so it is now possible to label this type according to the category of the predicate: infinitive (`IP-INF`), active participle (`IP-PPL`), and other (`IP-SMC`). Follow the links for Modern English examples.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (BED was)
              (ADJP (ADV rygth) (ADJ glad)
                    (PP (P of)
                        (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO hir))			<-- would be IP-PPL in modern English corpora
                                (VAG comyng)
                                (NP-DIR (N hom))))))
      (ID CMKEMPE,37.832))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (BED was)
              (VAN chosen)
              (PP (P be)
                  (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (D a) (ADJ wite) (N dowe))	<-- would be IP-PPL in modern English corpora
                          (VAG lityng)
                          (PP (P on)
                              (NP (PRO$ his) (N hed)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMCAPCHR,56.740))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ Ne)
              (CODE <P_72>)
              (NP-SBJ (N preier))
              (MD may)
              (NEG not)
              (ADVP (ADV goodly))
              (BE be)
              (VAN getyn)
              (PP (P in)
                  (NP (NS bigynners) (CONJ &) (NS profiters)))
              (PP (P wi+toutyn)
                  (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (N +tinkyng))	<-- would be IP-PPL in modern English corpora
                          (VAG comyng)
                          (ADVP-TMP (ADV bifore))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMCLOUD,72.254))

    (NODE (PP (P wit)
              (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO$ is) (N heed))	<-- would be IP-SMC in modern English corpora
                      (VAN enclined)))
          (CMAELR3,47.651)

#### Absolute infinitives

Absolute infinitives occur with or without TO. Absolute TO infinitives are generally interpretable as X IS TO V with deontic modal meaning, and their subject is always nominative when it is possible to tell.

In matrix contexts, clauses of this type are always labelled `IP-INF-ABS`.

    ( (IP-INF-ABS (CONJ And)
    	      (NP-SBJ (PRO$ their) (ADJ fyrst) (NS letters))
    	      (TO to)
    	      (BE be)
    	      (VAN (VAN paynted) (CONJ or) (VAN lymned))
    	      (PP (P in)
    		  (NP (D a) (ADJ pleasaunt) (N maner)))
    	      (, :)
    	      (CP-CAR (WPP-2 (WADV where) (P in))
    		      (C 0)
    		      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NS children)
    				      (PP (P of)
    					  (NP (ADJ gentyl) (N courage))))
    			      (HVP haue)
    			      (NP-OB1 (Q moche)
    				      (N delectation)
    				      (PP *T*-2))))
    	      (. .))
      (ID ELYOT,21.10))

    ( (IP-INF-ABS-1 (CONJ and)
      	        (NP-SBJ (D the) (VAN sayde) (NS sheues))
    	        (TO to)
    	        (VB leane)
    	        (ADVP (ADV to-gether))
    	        (PP (P in)
    		    (NP (D the) (NS toppes)))
    	        (, ,)
    	        (IP-INF-ABS-PRN=1 (CONJ and)
    			          (ADJP (ADJ wyde)
    				        (PP (P at)
    				            (NP (D the) (N grounde)))))
    	        (, ,)
    	        (CP-ADV (C that)
    		        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N winde))
    			        (MD may)
    			        (VB go)
    			        (ADVP (ADV through))
    			        (, ,)
    			        (IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
    				  	    (VB drye)
    					    (NP-OB1 (PRO them)))))
    	      (. .))
      (ID FITZH,38.95))

    ( (IP-INF-ABS (NP-SBJ (D the) (NPR lord))
    	      (TO to)
    	      (VB rais)
    	      (RP up)
    	      (NP-OB1 (Q all) (PRO$ yo=r=) (NS spirrits))
      (ID JPINNEY,19.36))

#### Infinitive for finite clause

Infinitives in finite clause contexts are labelled `IP-INF-ABS` in the PPCME2, but simply as `IP-INF` (with any other appropriate dash tags) in the PPCEME/PCEEC.

    ( (IP-IMP (CONJ and)
    	  (ADVP (ADV withall))
    	  (BEI be)
    	  (ADJP (ADJ carful)
    		(CP-THT (C that)
    			(, ,)
    			(IP-INF (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-2 (WPRO+ADV+ADV whatsoever))  <-- would be IP-INF-ABS in PPCME2
    						(C 0)
    						(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
    							(NP-SBJ (PRO you))
    							(DOP doe))))
    				(, ,)
    				(TO to)
    				(VB (VB love) (VB honer) (CONJ and) (VB obey))
    				(NP-OB1 (PRO$ your) (N housband))
    				(PP (P in)
    				    (NP (Q all)
    					(NS things)
    					(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
    						(C that)
    						(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
    							(BEP is)
    							(VAG fitting)
    							(PP (P for)
    							    (NP (D a) (ADJ resonable) (N creture))))))))))
    	  (. .))
      (ID PEYTON,87.4))

    (NODE (CP-REL (WADVP-4 (WADV where))
    	      (C 0)
    	      (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-4)
    		      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
    		      (VBP commaundeth)
       		      (, ,)
    		      (CP-THT (C that)
    			      (IP-INF (PP (P in)	<-- would be IP-INF-ABS in PPCME2
    					  (NP (Q al)
    					      (NS woundes)
    					      (PP (P of)
    						  (NP (D the) (N wombe)))))
    				      (, ,)
    				      (TO to)
    				      (VB sewe)
    				      (NP-OB1 (D the) (FW Sifac))
       				      (PP (P with)
    					  (NP (D the) (FW Myrac))))))
    	  (. ;))
      (ID VICARY,63.242))