### Introduction to syntactic annotation

- General principles
  - Dash tags (or extended tags)
  - Structural principles
- Internal structure of phrases
- Internal structure of clauses
  - Ordinary IPs (IP-MAT, IP-SUB)
  - Imperatives (IP-IMP)
  - Non-wh CPs
  - Wh- CPs
  - Verb fronting to C
  - Fronting to pre-complementizer position
    - Fronting to Spec(CP)
    - Adjunction to CP
    - CP recursion

The parsing scheme for the PPCME2, the PPCEME, and the PCEEC uses a limited tree representation in the form of labelled parentheses. All open parentheses have an associated label, either a phrase label (`NP, ADJP,` etc.) or a word label (`N, ADJ,` etc.), representing nodes in a tree. We use the terms 'word label' and 'POS (part-of-speech) label' interchangeably. A word label is associated with every word, but phrasal labels are not included in every case in which a fully labelled tree would require them. Intermediate projections in the sense of X' theory (N', ADJ', etc.) are not generally included in our representations. By comparison to trees in current syntactic theory, the trees in our corpora are therefore quite flat, and they are not required to be binary-branching.

The partial representation of phrase structure in our corpora is not intended to make a theoretical statement, but was adopted for practical reasons. Certain phrases are generally omitted in the annotation scheme because their boundaries are too difficult to define. The prime example is VP. The problematic character of VP is particularly obvious in early Middle English, where the order of the verb and its complements is in flux (at least on the surface). But even in Present-Day English, the attachment site of verbal adjuncts is systematically ambiguous between low attachment to VP and high attachment at the clause level. Other categories, such as DP, were omitted because the cost of including them outweighs their usefulness. Intermediate projections are omitted for both reasons. In no case should the lack of any particular phrase label be taken to imply that earlier forms of English failed to include the corresponding syntactic category. The trees in the corpora are simply underspecified.

The examples in this section of the manual are constructed in Modern English so as to be maximally accessible. The remainder of the manual contains examples from the corpora. The examples are mostly from late Middle English and Early Modern English; examples from early Middle English are included where they are necessary to make a linguistic point.

#### General principles

As just mentioned, the structures in our corpora generally include neither a VP nor intermediate projections like I'. As a result, IP immediately dominates all verbs (to be understood in a broad sense, including modals and auxiliaries) and sentence-level constituents. A typical parse structure is the following:

>     (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Mary))
>             (HVP has)
>             (BEN been)
>             (VAG meaning)
>             (IP-INF (TO to)
>                     (VB go))
>             (PP (P for)
>                 (NP (D a) (N week)))))

#### Dash tags (or extended tags)

- Dash tags indicate syntactic subcategory or function. In general, basic labels indicate a constituent's category (NP, PP, ADJP, etc.). Additional labels (so-called dash tags or extended tags), which are separated from the category label by a hyphen, indicate subcategory or function:

  - `NP-SBJ` (subject NP)
  - `ADJP-SPR` (secondary predicate ADJP)
  - `PP-PRN` (parenthetical PP)

  Not all phrases are labelled with a dash tag, and more than one such tag is possible (`IP-INF-PRP` = purpose infinitive, `NP-SBJ-RSP` = resumptive subject NP, etc.).

- All clause labels carry a dash tag. See Internal structure of clauses for further basic information and Types of subordinate clauses for detailed discussion.

- All sentence-level NPs carry a dash tag. Bare NPs are either complements of a nonverbal head (e.g., a preposition), or part of a conjunction structure.

  >     (IP-MAT (NP-TMP (N Yesterday))				<-- temporal NP
  >             (NP-SBJ (NPR Mary))				<-- subject
  >             (VBD told)
  >             (NP-OB2 (NPR Jane))				<-- second object
  >             (CP-THT (C that)
  >                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
  >                             (VBD studied)
  >                             (NP-MSR (QP (ADVR too) (Q much)))	<-- measure NP
  >                             (PP (P during)
  >                                (NP (D the) (N+N weekend))))))	< no dash tag

- ADVPs are marked for function as directional (`ADVP-DIR`), locative (`ADVP-LOC`), or temporal (`ADVP-TMP`); other functions are unmarked.

  >     (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Mary))
  >             (ADVP (ADV happily))
  >             (VBD put)
  >             (NP-OB1 (D the) (N book))
  >             (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
  >             (ADVP-TMP (ADV+WARD afterward)))

- PPs are not marked for function, except for parenthetical PPs (`PP-PRN`).

  >     (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Mary))
  >             (VBD put)
  >             (NP-OB1 (D the) (N book))
  >             (PP (P on)
  >                 (NP (D the) (N table)))
  >             (PP (P on)
  >                 (NP (NPR Saturday))))

Structural principles

- Sentence-level constituents bear phrasal labels.

  Exception: IP can immediately dominate the following word-level constituents:

  - verbal material (auxiliaries, modals, verbs, participles)
  - sentential conjunctions (`CONJ` and some cases of `ALSO, ELSE`)
  - single-word interjections (`INTJ`)
  - sentential negation (`NEG`)
  - floated quantifiers (`Q`)
  - adverbial particles (`RP`)

- In general, no intermediate projections. Intermediate projections (N', ADJ', etc.) are represented only in certain conjunction structures. The absence of intermediate projections has several consequences.

  - Within phrasal constituents, the phrasal node generally immediately dominates the head.

    >     (NP (D the) (N girl))

    >     (PP (P in)
    >         (NP (D the) (N spring)))

    >     (ADJP (ADV very) (ADJ big))

  - Specifiers are not distinguished from pre-head modifiers.

  - Adjuncts are never distinguished from complements in structural terms. They may be distinguished by the presence of dash tags.

- Single words that are not sentence-level constituents do not project phrasal nodes if the phrasal node would share the same category as the head.

  >     (NP (D a) (ADJ big) (N cat))		<-- single-word case

  >     (NP (D a)
  >         (ADJP (ADV very) (ADJ big)) 	<-- multi-word case
  >         (N cat))

  Exception: Post-head modifiers project structure beyond the word level, even when they consist of a single word. Like pre-head modifiers, they are represented as sisters to the head.

  | Postposed ELSE, ENOUGH are treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and in the PPCEME/PCEEC.

  >     (NP (ADJ various) (ADJ black) (NS cats)))

  >     (NP (ADJ black) (NS cats)
  >         (ADJP (ADJ galore)))

  >     (NP (D a) (VAN forsaken) (N castle))

  >     (NP (D an) (N castle)
  >         (RRC (VAN forsaken))		     <-- RRC = reduced relative clause

- Default high attachment. In cases where the attachment level of constituents is ambiguous or difficult to determine, the default is to attach as high as possible.

  >     (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Mary))
  >             (VBD saw)
  >             (NP-OB1 (D the) (N man))
  >             (PP (P with)
  >                 (NP (D the) (N telescope))))

#### Internal structure of phrases

The internal structure of all nonclausal phrases is fundamentally similar.

- Heads project a phrasal node.

  Exception 1: Certain heads, such as determiners (`D`), modals (`MD`), or particles (`RP`), never project a phrase. Verbs generally do not project a VP, but see Verb phrase for exceptions.

  Exception 2: Single-word pre-head modifiers do not project a phrasal node if the phrasal node would share the same category as the head.

      (NP (D the) (NS girls)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP (D the) (N beach))))

      (NP (Q many) (ADJ happy) (NS girls)	<-- two single-word pre-head modifiers
          (PP (P on)
              (NP (D the) (VAN overcrowded) (N beach))))

      (NP (ADJP (ADJ happy) (CONJ and) (VAN excited))		<-- multi-word pre-head modifier
          (NS girls))

      (NP (Q many)				<-- single-word pre-head modifier
          (ADJP (ADV very) (ADJ happy))	<-- multi-word pre-head modifier
          (NS girls)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP (D the) (VAN overcrowded) (N beach))))

      (NP (QP (ADV very) (Q many))		<-- multi-word pre-head modifier
          (ADJP (ADV very) (ADJ happy)) 	<-- multi-word pre-head modifier
          (NS girls)
          (PP (P on)				<-- post-head modifier
              (NP (D the) (N beach)
                  (PP (P with)
                      (NP (D the) (ADJ big) (NS dunes))))))

      (ADJP (ADV very) (ADJ happy))	<-- single-word pre-head modifier

      (PP (ADV especially)		<-- single-word pre-head modifier
          (P on)
          (NP (NPRS Saturdays)))

      (PP (ADV right)			<-- single-word pre-head modifier
          (P up)
          (NP (D the) (N street)))

      (ADVP (ADV very) (ADV slowly))	<-- single-word pre-head modifier

- In general, the head of a phrase is overt and matches the category of the phrase, but in certain cases, there is no matching head. Sometimes, this is simply an artefact of our annotation scheme and due to the fact that some words receive a more specific label than others. For instance, pronouns are labelled `PRO,` not `D` or `N`. In other instances, the absence of an overt head reflects the possibility of some deletion process.

  The most common types of categorial mismatches between heads and phrases are the following:

  - nominal elements not labelled `N`, `NS`, etc.

    > EX, MAN, PRO, ?D, ?ONE, ?OTHER(S), ?PRO$, ?Q, (QR, etc.)

  - adjectival elements not labelled `ADJ`, `ADJR`, etc.

    > VAN, VAG, (HAN, HAG, etc.), SUCH, QR, ?ONE, ?OTHER

  As indicated by the question marks in the above lists, it is not always clear whether a particular word modifies an elided head or is itself the head of the phrase. It is mainly for this reason that we do not attempt to make a systematic distinction between the two cases.

  The most common elision case is of NPs containing only a determiner and an adjective (or sometimes only an adjective).

  >     (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-1 (NP-SBJ (NPR Mary))
  >                       (VBD gave)
  >                       (NP-OB2 (NPR Jane))
  >                       (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ red) (N ribbon)))
  >             (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >                    (IP-MAT=1 (NP-OB2 (NPR Lucy))
  >                              (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ blue)))))   <-- elided head noun

#### Internal structure of clauses

Clauses are labelled either `CP` or `IP`. CPs contain either a complementizer or a wh- position (or both). IPs contain neither. All IPs and CPs carry dash tags indicating their subtype, as follows.

> `IP-ABS` | absolute clause
> `IP-IMP` | imperative
> `IP-INF` | infinitive
> `IP-INF-ABS` | absolute infinitive
> `IP-INF-ADT` | adjunct infinitive
> `IP-INF-DEG` | degree infinitive
> `IP-INF-PRP` | purpose infinitive
> `IP-MAT` | declarative matrix IP
> `IP-PPL` | participial clause
> `IP-PPL-ABS` | absolute participial clause
> `IP-SMC` | small clause
> `IP-SUB` | subordinate IP
> `CP-ADV` | adverbial clause
> `CP-CAR` | clause-adjoined relative
> `CP-CLF` | IT cleft
> `CP-CMP` | comparative
> `CP-DEG` | degree complement
> `CP-EOP` | empty-operator CP
> `CP-EXL` | exclamative
> `CP-FRL` | free relative
> `CP-QUE` | question
> `CP-REL` | relative clause
> `CP-THT` | THAT clause
> `CP-TMC` | TOUGH movement complement

#### Ordinary IPs

All IPs except subjectless imperatives and subjectless infinitives have a subject in our annotation scheme. If the subject is not overt, an empty subject is added. Clauses generally do not contain VP (but see Verb phrase). As a rule, daughters of IP are phrasal (but see Internal structure of phrases for exceptions).

>     (IP-MAT (CONJ But)			<-- sentential conjunction
>     	(INTJ alas)			<-- single-word interjection
>     	(, ,)
>             (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     	(MD will)			<-- modal
>     	(NEG not)			<-- negation
>     	(Q all)				<-- floated quantifier
>             (VB end)			<-- verb
>             (RP up))			<-- particle
>     	(PP (P with)
>                 (NP-OB1 (PRO$ our) (N favorite)))
>             (. .))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
>                   (INTJ Yes)		<-- single-word interjection
>                   (, ,)
>                   (' ')
>                   (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                               (VBD seyde))	<-- verb
>                   (, ,)
>                   (' ')
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (MD shall)			<-- modal
>                   (VB promyse)			<-- verb
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>                   (IP-INF (TO to)			<-- auxiliary
>                           (VB fullfylle)		<-- verb
>                           (NP-OB1 (PRO$ youre) (N desyre)))
>                   (E_S .)
>                   (' '))
>       (ID CMMALORY,667.4880))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)				<-- conjunction
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO he)
>                           (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                                   (C that)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                           (MD shall)	<-- modal
>                                           (VB pulle)	<-- verb
>                                           (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
>                                           (RP oute))))	<-- particle
>                   (MD shall)				<-- modal
>                   (DO do)					<-- verb
>                   (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
>                   (PP (P with)
>                       (NP (Q litill) (N myght)))
>                   (E_S .)
>                   (' '))
>       (ID CMMALORY,46.1512))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)				<-- conjunction
>                   (ADVP (ADV ellis))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (MD wolde)				<-- modal
>                   (HV have)					<-- auxiliary
>                   (BEN bene)				<-- verb
>                   (ADJP (ADJ lothe)
>                         (PP (P as)
>                             (NP (Q ony) (N knyght)
>                                 (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                                         (C that)
>                                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                                 (VBP lyvith)))))
>                         (IP-INF (FOR for) (TO to)		<-- auxiliary material
>                                 (VB sle)
>                                 (NP-OB1 (D a) (N lady))))
>                   (E_S .)
>                   (' '))
>       (ID CMMALORY,51.1701))

#### Imperatives (IP-IMP)

Imperatives are labelled `IP-IMP`. Only overt subjects are included in the annotation.

    ( (IP-IMP-SPE (CONJ but)
                  (VBI saye)
                  (CP-THT (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                  (BEP are)
                                  (VAN diseased)))
                  (E_S ,))
      (ID CMMALORY,4.83))

    ( (IP-IMP (CONJ for)
              (VBI witte)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))		<-- overt subject
              (ADVP (ADV wele))
              (CP-THT (C +tat)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR god))
                              (MD may)
                              (VB se)
                              (NP-OB1 (CONJ ba+te) (N iuil) (CONJ and) (N gude))))
              (E_S ;))
      (ID CMBENRUL,12.418))

#### Non-wh CPs

THAT clauses (`CP-THT`), degree complements (`CP-DEG`), and certain adverbial clauses (`CP-ADV`) have the following basic structure:

    (CP (C THAT/0)
        (IP ...))

The complementizer position is always included; when not filled by an overt complementizer, it contains `0` (zero).

    (NODE (PP (P so)
              (CP-ADV (C that)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-MSR (NP (NUM thre) (NS dayes))
                                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                             (NP (NUM thre) (NS nyghtes))))
                              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                              (BED was)
                              (ADJP (ADJ specheles)))))
          (ID CMMALORY,6.172))

    (NODE (PP (P til)
              (CP-ADV (C that)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                              (VBP see)
                              (CP-THT (C 0)				<-- empty complementizer
                                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                              (VBP go)
                                              (PP (P unto)
                                                  (NP (D the) (ADJR wers))))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,13.393))

    (NODE (PP (P whan)
              (CP-ADV (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NP (D the) (N duke))
                                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                             (NP (PRO$ his) (N wyf))))
                              (BED were)
                              (VBN comyn)
                              (PP (P unto)
                                  (NP (D the) (N kynge))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,2.11))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
                  (VBP departe)
                  (PP (P from)
                      (ADVP (ADV hens)))
                  (ADVP (ADV sodenly))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-ADV (C that)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
                                  (MD maye)
                                  (VB ryde)
                                  (NP-MSR (Q all) (N nyghte))
                                  (PP (P unto)
                                      (NP (PRO$ oure) (ADJ owne) (N castell))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,2.18))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                  (VBD understood)
                  (CP-THT (C that)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR syre) (NPR Ector))
                                  (BED was)
                                  (NEG not)
                                  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N fader)))))
          (ID CMMALORY,9.271))

    (NODE (ADVP (ADVR so) (ADV harde)
                (CP-DEG (C that)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N horse) (CONJ and) (N man))
                                (VBD felle)
                                (PP (P to)
                                    (NP (D the) (N erthe))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,17.538))

    (NODE (ADVP (ADVR so) (ADV merveillously)
                (CP-DEG (C that)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 (N doubte))
                                (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO it))
                                (BED was)
                                (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
                                          (VB here)
                                          (PP (P of)
                                              (NP (D that) (N bataille))))
                                (PP (P for)
                                    (NP (D the) (ADJ grete) (N blood) (N shedynge))))))
          (ID CMMALORY,68.2325))

#### Wh- CPs

A number of clause types, listed below, contain both a wh- position and a complementizer position. This is to allow for the case in which both positions are filled. Empty wh- positions and empty complementizers are both indicated by `0` (zero). The wh- operator is coindexed to a trace of the same category. See Wh- traces for details, particularly The position of traces.

- certain adverbial clauses (`CP-ADV`)
- clause-adjoined relatives (`CP-CAR`)
- IT clefts (`CP-CLF`)
- comparative clauses (`CP-CMP`)
- exclamatives (`CP-EXL`)
- free relatives (`CP-FRL`)
- questions (`CP-QUE`)
- relative clauses (`CP-REL`)
- TOUGH movement complements (`CP-TMC`)

- Both wh- and complementizer position filled

      ( (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
                (C that)
                (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                        (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Gawayne))
                        (MD shall)
                        (VB revenge)
                        (NP-OB1 (NP-POS (PRO$ his) (N$ fadirs)
                                        (NP-PRN *ICH*-2))
                                (N deth)
                                (CODE <em>)
                                (NP-PRN-2 (NPR kynge) (NPR Lot))
                                (CODE </em>))
                        (PP (P on)
                            (NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Pellynore)))))
        (ID CMMALORY,61.2043))

      ( (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO whyche))
                (C that)
                (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                        (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
                        (MD wolte)
                        (HV have)
                        (PP (P to)
                            (NP (PRO$ thy) (N peramour)))))
        (ID CMMALORY,184.2551))

      ( (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO Who))
                (C +tat)
                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                        (MD may)
                        (VB take)
                        (NP-OB1 (D +tys) (N vertu))))
        (ID CMAELR3,26.10))

      ( (CP-ADV (WQ Whether)
                (C that)
                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                        (VBP (VBP lyve) (CONJ other) (VBP dye))))
        (ID CMMALORY,203.3290))

      ( (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WD what) (N seruise))
                (C +tat)
                (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                        (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
                        (VBP canst)))
        (ID CMAELR3,40.417))

      (NODE (CP-QUE (WPP-5 (P with)
                           (WNP (WD which) (N degre)
                                (PP (P of)
                                    (NP (D the) (N zodiak)))))
                    (C that)
                    (IP-SUB (PP *T*-5)
                            (NP-SBJ (D the) (N mone))
                            (VBP arisith)
                            (PP (P in)
                                (NP (Q any) (N latitude)))))
            (ID CMASTRO,663.C2.34))

- Only wh- position filled

      (NODE (NP (D a) (ADJ new) (N batayle)
                (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO whych))
                        (C 0)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                (BED was)
                                (ADJP (ADJ sore) (CONJ and) (ADJ harde)))))
            (ID CMMALORY,26.832))

      (NODE (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what) (ADV euere))
                            (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                    (NP-SBJ (PRO heo))
                                    (BEP be))))
            (ID CMAELR3,26.4))

      (NODE (NP (D the) (N castel)
                (PP (P of)
                    (NP (NPR Terrabyl)))
                (, ,)
                (CP-REL (WNP-1 (D the) (WPRO whiche))
                        (C 0)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                (HVD had)
                                (NP-OB1 (Q many) (NS yssues)
                                        (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                               (NX (NS posternes)))
                                        (RP oute)))))
            (ID CMMALORY,3.36))

      (NODE (NP-OB1 (Q alle) (D the) (N cause)
                    (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
                            (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                    (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
                                    (BED was)
                                    (PP (P by)
                                        (NP (NPR$ Merlyns) (N counceil))))))
            (ID CMMALORY,5.134))

      (NODE (NP (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WD what) (ADJ poure) (N man))
                        (C 0)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                (VBP mete)
                                (PP (P at)
                                    (NP (D the) (N posterne) (N yate)
                                        (PP (P of)
                                            (NP (D the)
                                                (N castel))))))))
            (ID CMMALORY,6.149))

- Only complementizer position filled

      (NODE (NP (D the) (ADJS byggest) (N castell)
                (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                        (C that)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                (HVP hath))))
            (ID CMMALORY,2.32))

      (NODE (NP-OB1 (D the) (NPR holy) (NPR lond)
                    (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                            (C +tat)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NS men))
                                    (VBP callen)
                                    (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                            (NP-OB1 (D the) (N lond)
                                                    (PP (PP (P of)
                                                            (NP (N promyssioun)))
                                                        (CONJP (CONJ or)
                                                               (PP (P of)
                                                                   (NP (N beheste))))))))))(ID CMMANDEV,1.2))

      (NODE (NP-MSR (D the) (ADJ+N meanwhyle)
                    (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
                            (C that)
                            (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                                    (NP-SBJ (D thys) (N knyght))
                                    (BED was)
                                    (VAG makynge)
                                    (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hym))
                                            (ADJP (ADJ redy)
                                                  (IP-INF (TO to)
                                                          (VB departe)))))))
            (ID CMMALORY,48.1589))

      (NODE (NP-SBJ (D Thys) (N swerde)
                    (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                            (C that)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                                    (BEP am)
                                    (VAN gurte)
                                    (PP (P withall)
                                        (NP *T*-1)))))
            (ID CMMALORY,45.1496))

- Neither wh- nor complementizer position filled

      (NODE (NP-OB1 (D the) (N despite)
                    (CP-REL (WNP-3 0)
                            (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-3)
                                    (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
                                    (DOD dud)
                                    (NP-TMP (D thys) (N day))
                                    (PP (PP (P unto)
                                            (NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure)))
                                        (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                               (PP (P to)
                                                   (NP (PRO$ his) (N courte))))))))
            (ID CMMALORY,51.1696))

      (NODE (NP (Q al)
                (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                        (C 0)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
                                (VBD suffredest))))
            (ID CMAELR3,53.854))

      (NODE (NP (D the) (N feith)
                (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
                        (C 0)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
                                (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
                                (VBD ought)
                                (PP (P to)
                                    (NP (PRO hym))))))
            (ID CMMALORY,5.121))

      (NODE (NP (D +te) (N blys)
                (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                        (C 0)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                (VBD boght)
                                (NP-OB1 (PRO vs))
                                (PP (P to)
                                    (NP *T*-1)))))
            (ID CMMIRK,5.112))

#### Verb fronting to C

Subject-verb inversion in V1 conditionals, questions, and exclamatives is not explicitly represented as verb movement to C in our annotation scheme. The inverted verb remains a daughter of IP. However, clauses with inversion differ structurally from ones without in not containing a C position.

    (PP (P if)
        (CP-ADV (C 0)			<-- C, no inversion
                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                        (HVD had)
                        (VBN known))))

    (CP-ADV (IP-SUB (HVD had)		<-- inversion, no C
    	        (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
                    (VBN known)))

    (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO))
            (DOP do)
            (NEG not)
            (VB know)
            (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV when))
                    (C 0)				<-- C, no inversion
                    (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                            (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                            (MD will)
                            (VB come))))

    (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV when))			<-- inversion, no C
            (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
    	        (MD will)
    	        (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                    (VB come)))

#### Fronting to pre-complementizer position

#### Fronting to Spec(CP)

Fronted elements can occupy Spec(CP), the position immediately preceding the complementizer. Since the specifier position is not explicitly indicated in our annotation system for any phrasal category, these elements simply appear within the CP in pre-head position. Such fronted constituents are coindexed with an `*ICH*` trace or with a resumptive (`-RSP`) phrase. For analogous cases of fronting in subordinate clauses that are introduced by a subordinating conjunction, see Fronting to Spec(PP).

Similar cases with an overt complementizer both before and after the fronted element are treated as CP recursion.

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hie))
                  (VBP make+d)
                  (CP-THT (NP-LFD (D +danne) (N man)  <-- left-dislocated NP in Spec(CP)
                                  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                          (C +de)
                                          (IP-SUB (NP-OB2 *T*-1)
                                                  (NP-SBJ (NPR godd))
                                                  (NP-OB1 (PRO his))
                                                  (VBD to-sant))))
                          (C +tat)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
                                  (VBP +turwune+d)
                                  (PP (P on)
                                      (NP (PRO$ his) (N godnesse))))))
          (ID CMVICES1,149.1875))

    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
                  (NP-SBJ *con*)
                  (NP-LFD (PRO$ ti) (N wil))
                  (VBP iwur+de)
                  (NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hit))
                  (NP-VOC (ADJ deorwur+de) (NPR lauerd))
                  (CP-ADV (CP-ADV (C +tt)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
                                          (PP (P +turh)
                                              (NP (PRO$ +ti) (N streng+de)))
                                          (MD mahe)
                                          (VB stonden)
                                          (PP (P wi+d)
                                              (NP (PRO him)))))
                          (, .)
                          (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                 (CP-ADV (NP-LFD (PRO$ his) (ADJ muchele) (N ouergart))  <-- left-dislocated NP in Spec(CP)
                                         (C +tt)
                                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
                                                 (NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hit))
                                                 (MD mote)
                                                 (VB afeallen)))))
                  (E_S .))
      (ID CMMARGA,70.251))

#### Adjunction to CP

Material appearing before a wh- element must be adjoined to CP rather than occupying Spec(CP) (since the wh- element occupies that position), but our annotation does not explicitly express the distinction between the two types of positions. For the fronting of verbs to the pre-wh position, see Verb fronting in free relative clauses.

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D tes) (ADJ unseli))
                  (NEG ne)
                  (MD +turue)
                  (NEG nawt)
                  (VB seggen)
                  (, .)
                  (CP-QUE-SPE (NP-LFD (PRO$ +ti) (NPR lauerd)
                                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                              (C +tt)
                                              (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
                                                              (VBP leuest)
                                                              (PP (P on)
                                                                  (NP *T*-1)))
                                                      (, .)
                                                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                                                     (MD schulde)
                                                                     (NP-OB1 (PRO$ +ti) (N scheld))
                                                                     (BE beon))))))
                              (, .)
                              (WADVP-2 (WADV hwer))
                              (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
                                      (BEP is)
                                      (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
                                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV nu+de)))))
          (ID CMJULIA,122.464))

    ( (IP-IMP (VBI loke)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV +tenne))
              (PP (ADV+P her-bi))
              (, .)
              (CP-QUE (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO+ADV hwa-se))
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                              (PP (P of)
                                                  (NP (PRO$ hire) (N mei+dhad)))
                                              (, ;)
                                              (VBP lihte+d)
                                              (PP (P in-to)
                                                  (NP (N wedlac))))))
                      (, ;)
                      (WPP-2 (P bi)
                             (WNP (WQP (WADV hu) (Q monie))
                                  (NS degrez)))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
                              (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO ha))
                              (VBP falle+d)
                              (ADVP-DIR (RP+WARD dunewardes))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMHALI,144.244))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBD tolde)
              (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
              (CP-QUE (PP-1 (P whyle)
                            (CP-ADV (C 0)
                                    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                            (VBD tarryed)
                                            (ADVP-LOC (ADV there)))))
                      (WADVP-2 (WADV how))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
                              (PP *ICH*-1)
                              (NP-SBJ (NPR Nero))
                              (BED was)
                              (VAN (VAN destroyed) (CONJ and) (VAN slayne))
                              (PP (P with)
                                  (NP (Q all) (PRO$ his) (N oste)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMMALORY,57.1905))

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
              (NP-SBJ *con*)
              (VBD (VBD +girnde) (CONJ &) (VBD walde))
              (ADVP (ADV +georne))
              (CP-THT (PP-2 (P +gef)
                            (CP-ADV (C 0)
                                    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR$ godes) (N wil))
                                            (BED were))))
                      (, ;)
                      (C +tt)
                      (IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-2)
                              (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
                              (MD moste)
                              (BE beon)
                              (NP-OB1 (ONE an)
                                      (PP (P of)
                                          (NP (D +te) (Q moni) (N+NS moder-bern)
                                              (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                                      (C +tt)
                                                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                                              (NP-OB1 (QP (ADVR swa) (Q muchel)))
                                                              (VBD drohten)
                                                              (PP (P for)
                                                                  (NP (NPR drihtin)))))))))))
      (ID CMMARGA,56.22))

#### CP recursion

Instances of CP recursion are given the following schematic structure. CP recursion generally occurs with THAT complements, but is attested in indirect questions and other clause types as well.

    (CP-THT (C that)
            (CP-THT (TOPIC-1 ...)
                    (C that)
                    (IP-SUB (TOPIC *ICH*-1)
                            ...)))

The higher complementizer must be overt. Otherwise, the token is treated as fronting to Spec(CP), without recursive structure. As in the simple fronting case, unless the constituent sandwiched between the complementizers is left-dislocated (`-LFD`) and associated with a resumptive (`-RSP`) element, it is coindexed with an `*ICH*` trace.

    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
              (NP-SBJ (NPR sain) (NPR paul))
              (VBP sais)
              (CP-THT (C +tat)
                      (CP-THT (NP-LFD (PRO +tai)
                                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                              (C +tat)
                                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                                      (DOP dos)
                                                      (NP-OB1 (ADJ wicke) (NS dedis)))))
                              (, ,)
                              (C +tat)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO tay))
                                      (VBP giue)
                                      (NP-OB1 (PRO+N +tam-selffe))
                                      (PP (P til)
                                          (NP (D +te) (NPR deuil))))))
              (E_S ,))
      (ID CMBENRUL,21.735))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 (EX tare))
                  (BEP be)
                  (NP-2 (Q lytil) (N entirual))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-ADV (C +tat)
                          (CP-ADV (NP-LFD (D ta)
                                          (CP-REL (WNP-3 0)
                                                  (C +tat)
                                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
                                                          (MD sal)
                                                          (VB ga)
                                                          (PP (P til)
                                                              (NP (NS laburs))))))
                                  (, ,)
                                  (C +tat)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO tay))
                                          (MD may)
                                          (HV haue)
                                          (NP-OB1 (D +te) (N morning))
                                          (PP (P in)
                                              (NP (D +te) (N begining)
                                                  (PP (P of)
                                                      (NP (D +te) (N lyth)))))
                                          (PP (P to)
                                              (NP (PRO$ +tair) (N labur)))))))
          (ID CMBENRUL,15.546))

    ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV +Ta))
              (VBD be+tohte)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
              (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
              (CP-THT (C +tet)
                      (CP-THT (PP-1 (P gif)
                                    (LB |)
                                    (CP-ADV (C 0)
                                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                                    (MD mihte)
                                                    (BE ben)
                                                    (ADJP (N+ADJ rotfest))
                                                    (PP (P on)
                                                        (NP (NPR Engleland))))))
                              (C +tet)
                              (IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-1)
                                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                      (MD mihte)
                                      (HV habben)
                                      (NP-OB1 (Q eal) (PRO$ his) (N wille)))))
              (E_S .))
      (ID CMPETERB,49.224))

    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +du))
                  (ADVP (ADV wel))
                  (BEP be)
                  (VAN iwarned)
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-THT (PP-2 (P +gif)
                                (CP-ADV (C 0)
                                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR godd))
                                                (NP-OB2 (PRO +de))
                                                (VBP +gif+d)
                                                (NP-OB1 (D +tese) (ADJ swete) (NS teares)))))
                          (, ,)
                          (C +tat)
                          (IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-2)
                                  (NP-SBJ (Q non) (N win)
                                          (PP (P in)
                                              (NP (D +dare) (N world))))
                                  (NEG+BEP nis)
                                  (ADJP (ADVR swa) (ADJ swete)))))
          (ID CMVICES1,149.1856))

    (NODE (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO us))
                  (VB considere)
                  (ALSO also)
                  (CP-QUE (C if)
                          (CP-QUE (NP-LFD (D the) (N conseillung)
                                          (PP (P of)
                                              (NP (PRO hem)
                                                  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                                          (C that)
                                                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                                                  (VBD conseilleden)
                                                                  (NP-OB2 (PRO yow))
                                                                  (IP-INF (TO to)
                                                                          (VB taken)
                                                                          (NP-OB1 (ADJ sodeyn) (N vengeaunce))))))))
                                  (, ,)
                                  (WQ wheither)
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO it))
                                          (VBP accorde)
                                          (PP (P to)
                                              (NP (N resoun)))))))
          (ID CMCTMELI,228.C2.447))